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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Table 24. Summary of technical assessment of VCD. Criteria Industrial status Feed water quality bins Product water quality Production efficiency (recovery) Infrastructure considerations Chemicals Life cycle Description/Rationale Mature and robust technology for seawater and brackish water desalination. Various enhanced VC technologies have been employed for produced water treatment. Applicable to high TDS water > 40,000 mg/L, and all types of water chemistry makeup. Product water quality for VC plants is typically very high, with little variation due to feed or concentrate salt content. Product water recovery is approximately 40% for desalination; for ZLD, VC works as a crystallizer and achieve high recovery. Infrastructure considerations are similar to MSF and MED units, but VCD units are of small scale. Scale inhibitor and acid may be required for process control to prevent scaling. Corrosion control is achieved via pH control. Annual cleaning is typically conducted using acid, EDTA, or other antiscaling chemicals. Typically 20 years, although longer life may be expected with the selection of better materials of construction, that is, alloys with high corrosion resistance. Energy consumption The power consumption of a VCD plant is significantly lower than that of MSF and MED plants. For desalination, the power energy consumption of large VC plant is approximately 30 kWh/kgal (1.3 kWh/bbl) of product water [99]. The electricity consumption is 26.5 kWh/kgal (1.1 kWh/bbl) for MVC [98]. To achieve zero-liquid discharge, the energy demand for concentrate evaporation and crystallization is about 100 to 250 kWh/kgal (4.2 to 10.5 kWh/bbl) [102]. O&M considerations Levels of monitoring and control required for feed pH, flow rates as well as steam and vessel pressures. High level of skilled labor required. VCD, especially MVC is a more complex system and adds to the O&M skill level required. Level of flexibility: easy to adapt to highly varying water quality; not flexible for varying water flow. Level of robustness: high ability of the equipment to withstand harsh conditions. Level of reliable: typical plants operate continuously, with shutdown only for planned maintenance once per year. Types of energy required: thermal and electricity. Overall costs The capital costs depend on various factors including size, materials of construction and site location. The operating costs depend on the purpose of plant; the costs to achieve ZLD are significantly higher than desalination because of energy costs. Significant reductions in energy costs can be realized from cogeneration arrangements where low pressure steam is available. Capital costs of MVC for seawater desalination vary from $3.3–6/gpd (or $140-250 per bpd), depending on various factors including size, materials of construction and site location [98]. Operating costs are approximately $1.8/kgal (or $0.075/bbl), and total unit costs are $1.9/kgal (or $0.08/bbl) for seawater desalination [98]. 66PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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