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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Freeze/Thaw Evaporation (FTE®) The freeze/thaw evaporation is a water treatment process that combines freezing and thawing cycle with conventional evaporation technology [104]. A schematic diagram of FTE® is shown in Figure 21. When the ambient air temperature is below 32 °F (0 °C), the saline water (feed water) is sprayed or dripped onto a freezing pad to create an ice pile. Relatively pure ice crystals form and an unfrozen solution (brine) containing elevated concentrations of the dissolved constituents drains from the ice. The runoff can be diverted to a brine storage facility or back to the feed water storage facility for recycling. When the temperatures rise, the ice melts and the runoff from the freezing pad is highly purified water that can be diverted to a treated water storage facility for beneficial uses or surface discharge. During warm months, the FTE system is operated as a conventional evaporation facility. During months with subfreezing (<32 °F) temperatures, a large ice pile is created by spraying the water to be treated in a shallow pit, and the natural freeze–thaw process takes over. FTE® allows water treatment and disposal on a continuous basis. Figure 21. Schematic of Freeze/Thaw Evaporation (FTE®) (Source: [104]). FTE® processes were developed by the Energy & Environment Research Center (EERC) and B.C. Technologies, Ltd. (BCT), in 1992 [105]. Field-scale FTE testing of CBM produced water treatment started in 1995. Between 1995 and 2001, three commercial-scale FTE® plants were deployed to simultaneously remove salts, organics, and heavy metals from wastewaters generated in natural gas production fields in New Mexico and Wyoming [105]. Industrial partners in these operations included Amoco Production Company, McMurry Oil Company, Crystal Solutions, and Gas Research Institute. Results from these field tests confirm both the process economic viability and its potential to produce usable, quality treated water from oil and natural gas produced water. As of 2003, two FTE plants continued to operate commercially in Wyoming: one in the Jonah gas field south of Pinedale and the other in the Red Desert near Wamsutter (Figure 22). The treatment capacity of those plants is more than 40,000 gallons a day (950 bbl/day) [105]. 70PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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