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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition such remote locations that both the electricity and heating needs are satisfied by using natural gas from the well that produces the water [106]. Like other evaporative processes, the energy consumption of the dewvaporation system is high. In a report published by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation [109], the authors provided the following estimate of energy consumption and cost for a dewvaporation system: Electrical cost for pumps and fans: $0.05 per 1,000 gallons (0.5 kWh per 1,000 gallons at ¢10 cents per kWh) [109]. Other energy cost: using the average multiple effect value of 3.2, the heat needed for 1,000 gallons of distillate production would be 2.6 million BTUs (764 kWh heat). At a natural gas cost of ¢80 per therm, the operating cost would be $20.85 per 1,000 gallons. If waste heat or solar heat were available, the operating cost would reduce to the electrical cost of pumps and fans [109]. A technical assessment of the AltelaRainSM process is summarized in Table 28. Table 28. Summary of technical assessment of AltelaRainSM process. Criteria Industrial status Feed water quality bins Product water quality Production efficiency (recovery) Description/Rationale Full-scale application for produced water treatment. Applicable to TDS up to 40,000 - 60,000 mg/L, and a broad variety of water chemistry makeup. Product water quality is very high with TDS in the range of 20-100 mg/L [106, 108]. The process also has high removal rate of heavy metals, organics, and radionuclides. Product water recovery is approximately 90%. Infrastructure considerations No special infrastructure, supplies, or consumables for its unattended operation. Energy requirements include 110V electricity (from either a small generator or solar panels), and thermal (either from industrial waste heat, well-site flash gas, or using a small natural gas-fired boiler). Energy consumption Altela, Inc. claims that electricity requirement is low because the system operates at ambient pressures and low temperature [106, 108]. The AltelaRain system yields energy costs that are approximately only 30% of comparable ambient pressure distillation/evaporation processes. The ‘Multiple-effect’ energy savings are comparable to that achieved by pressure distillation methods such as MVC. Chemicals Life cycle Overall costs No chemicals. No data available. Not available. The Altela reported the cost structure associated with building, installing, maintaining, and servicing the system is lower than the escalating costs associated with traditional produced water hauling and reinjection. O&M considerations Low level of monitoring and control. Low level of skilled labor required. High level of flexibility: easy to adapt to highly varying water quality and quantity. High level of robustness. High level of reliability. Types of energy required –electricity and thermal. 74PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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