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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Alternative Technologies Ion exchange process In ion exchange (IX), removal of specific ions or compounds from a stream is facilitated by the exchange of a pre-saturated ion with the target ions on an IX resin. Contaminant cationic solutes such as calcium, magnesium, barium, strontium, and radium are removed by cation exchange resins, and anionic solutes such as fluoride, nitrate, fulvates, humates, arsenate, selenate, chromate, and anionic complexes of uranium may be removed by anion exchange resins [110]. Recent research also suggests that IX may be employed to remove boron from RO permeate [111]. IX is a well-developed process and is commonly applied to drinking water treatment for hardness removal, but is increasingly being studied for the removal of radionuclides and nitrates [110, 112]. IX resins are typically composed of synthetic resins or activated alumina. These resins are characterized as either strong or weak and may be acidic or basic in nature. Acidic ion exchange resins are utilized to remove unwanted cations from solution. Examples of frequent chemical reactions for IX in strong and weak acid resins and in basic IX resin are shown below: 2(RSO3H)Ca2 (RSO3)2Ca2H (strong acid resin) 2(RCOOH)Ca2 2HCO3 (RCOO)2CaH2OCO2 (weakacidresin) (R NH3OH) HCl (R NH3Cl) H2O (basic resin) IX resins are typically manufactured to have readily reversible reactions, which allows for the IX resin to be regenerated once its adsorptive capacity is exhausted. The IX resin’s adsorptive capacity is exhausted when the target ion reaches a prescribed breakthrough concentration in the IX product water. To achieve high purity water quality, many conventional IX processes are operated with mixed beds to achieve removal of both cations and anions. Regeneration occurs by flooding the IX resin with a solution that is highly concentrated with the pre-saturated ion. During standard operation an IX bed may treat between 300 to 300,000 bed volumes (BV) before requiring regeneration, depending on the adsorptive capacity of the resin and the feed water quality [110]. Regeneration typically requires 2 to 20 BV of rinse water (generally less than 2% of the product water) to restore the adsorptive capacity of the IX resin [110]. IX systems are typically installed in fluidized, packed bed configurations. IX is an established water treatment technology that is utilized for municipal drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment, and CBM produced water treatment (especially in the Powder River Basin) [110, 113]. The operational footprint for most IX processes includes packed resin beds (sometimes referred to as columns) and onsite regenerant and cleaning chemical storage. The type of regenerant chemicals depends on the characteristics of the IX resin employed and may be include solution of H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, Na2CO3, or NaCl. Typically, IX processes operate with minimal energy demand and may require only electricity for pumping fluids under low hydraulic pressure. Operation and management considerations for IX include occasional disinfection of IX resin with NaOCl or H2O2. Careful management of the feed stream is also necessary to ensure that fouling agents such as suspended 76PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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