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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition solids, scale forming materials (e.g., CaSO4), and oxidized metal are not present in the feed water. Additionally, many IX resins are sensitive to free chlorine oxidation. IX processes must also be carefully managed to reduce osmotic shock and mechanical abrasion of IX resin, which will lead to physical loss of the resin [114]. Operating costs for standard IX processes vary greatly with feed water quality and loading rate. An economic feasibility analysis conducted by DowEX (Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI) estimated that IX, after a conventional pretreatment (e.g., coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation), could be used to treat surface water to a quality of less than 1 μS/cm in conductivity. The costs for IX vary between $1.9-2.6/kgal ($0.08-0.11/bbl) at 220 gpm (5 bbl per minute) and $1.0-1.7/kgals ($0.04-0.07/bbl) at 880 gpm (21 bbl per minute). At the lower flow rate, operating costs account for ~70% of the total cost with regenerants, raw water, labor and maintenance making the most significant contributions. At 880 gpm, operating costs increase to ~80% [115]. Waste disposal needs of IX processes include the need to neutralize and dispose of spent IX regenerant solution. These solutions typically represent a very low volume of wastewater, but may be highly saline and require additional treatment to limit disposal costs. Product water from IX processes may require SAR adjustment [19]. A summary of the technical assessment for general IX processes is shown in Table 29. Table 29. Summary of technical assessment of IX processes. Criteria Industrial status Feed water quality bins Product water quality Production efficiency (recovery) Description/Rationale Large industrial operations including utilization for CBM produced water treatment in the Powder River Basin. The average TDS application range is between 500 mg/L and 7,000 mg/L. Depending on selection of IX resin, high removals of monovalent and/or divalent ions and possibly metals is expected. Treatment process permeate quality is dependent on feed water salinity and operating conditions. >93% rejection of target ions is achievable. Product water recovery is dependent on IX resin regeneration needs, but recovery typically exceeds 98%. Infrastructure considerations This treatment process has a highly variable operational footprint, and may be sized for single-family point-of-use systems up to large municipal drinking and wastewater treatment plants. Regenerant storage will be required, in addition to other cleaning chemicals. Systems may be highly mobile, however certain systems may require the use of heavy machinery to relocate. Energy consumption Energy requirements are minimal and may only include pumping costs. This makes IX one of the least energy intensive processes with an energy demand that may be as low as 1.5 kWh/kgal (0.07 kWh/bbl) assuming a 200 gpm flow rate, 5 m pumping head, an 80% efficient pump. 77PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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