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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Table 29. Summary of technical assessment of IX processes. Criteria Life cycle Description/Rationale The average lifespan for anion exchange resins is about 4 to 8 years, while cation exchange resins may perform for 10 to 15 years [114]. Chemicals Chemical cleaning rates depend on feed water quality and IX resin adsorptive capacity. Resin regeneration will typically occur after certain product water quality specifications are exceeded. Regenerant solutions may require the use of HCl, H2SO4, NaOH, Na2CO3, or NaCl. Additional chemical disinfection may be required to mitigate biofouling and will typically consist of H2O2 or NaOCl cleaning solutions. O&M considerations Monitoring and control required for flow rates, product water quality and resin regeneration. System will likely require minimal supervisory oversight. Level of flexibility: Low to moderate flexibility depending on resin type. Level of robustness: IX processes are highly sensitive to fouling from organic materials and suspended solids. Care should be exercised to limit exposure of IX resin to oxidized metals and sparingly soluble mineral salts. Acid cation resins should not be exposed to feed temperatures in excess of 120 °C, while base anion resins are limited to 100 °C or lower. Level of reliability: IX systems may operate semi-continuously with automated, short duration resin regeneration cycles. Other IX systems may operate continuously for 10-20 hours and require several hours of downtime during regeneration. Types of energy required: electrical. Overall costs The costs for IX vary between $1.9-2.6/kgal ($0.08-0.11/bbl) at 220 gpm (5 bbl per minute) and $1.0-1.7/kgals ($0.04-0.07/bbl) at 880 gpm (21 bbl per minute). At the lower flow rate, operating costs account for ~70% of the total cost with regenerants, raw water, labor and maintenance making the most significant contributions. At 880 gpm, operating costs increase to ~80% [115]. Pre-and post treatment Process will require pretreatment options including suspended solids, oxidized metals, and scaling mineral removal. Product water may require pH stabilization or remineralization. This may be achieved by lime bed contacting or by blending small amounts of filtered and sterilized feed water with product water. Concentrate management or waste disposal Applicability for produced water treatment Note: 1 barrel = 42 US gallons The spent resin regeneration solution will require neutralization. Relatively high recovery rates exceeding 98% generate very minor amounts of concentrated brine. Excellent – Treatment well suited for specific applications. Back to the list of technologies 78PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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