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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Capacitive deionization (CDI) & Electronic Water Purifier (EWP) Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging desalination technology. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) started studying CDI in the late 1980s. In CDI, ions are adsorbed onto the surface of porous electrodes by applying a low voltage electric field, producing deionized water (Figure 24). Liquid is flowing between the high surface electrode pairs having a potential difference of 1.0-1.6 Volt DC. The negative electrodes attract positively charged ions such as calcium, magnesium, and sodium, and the positive electrodes attract negatively charged ions such as chloride, nitrate, and silica. The major mechanisms related to the removal of charged constituents during water treatment are physisorption, chemisorption, electrodeposition, and/or electrophoresis. Unlike ion exchange, no additional chemicals are required for regeneration of the electrosorbent in this process. Adsorbed ions are desorbed from the surface of the electrodes by eliminating the electric field, resulting in the regeneration of the electrodes. The efficiency of CDI strongly depends on the surface property of electrodes such as their surface area and adsorption properties [116]. There are a variety of electrode materials and configurations to enhance the CDI performance. The LLNL developed and optimized carbon aerogel materials, which are ideal electrode materials because of their high electrical conductivity, high specific surface area, and controllable pore size distribution [117]. Shiue et al. improved the CDI efficiency by using spiral wound electrodes (activated carbon coated on titanium foil) cartridge [118]. Atlas developed the Electronic Water Purifier (EWP), which is a hybrid CDI and electrodeionization (CDI-EDI) technology using activated carbon electrodes that has a coating and a conductive material [119]. Pure water Regeneration water Positive electrode ++++++++++++++++ ---------------- Negative electrode Neutral electrode Neutral electrode Salty water Concentrate DC power supply Figure 24. Schematic of Capacitive Deionization (CDI). Previous studies have shown that CDI technology is cost competitive to RO at low TDS range (<3,000 mg/L) due to the high cost of CDI modules with increased feed water TDS level [116, 119, 120]. Xu et al. (2008) conducted a pilot-scale testing of produced water treatment at a sandstone gas production field in Montana using two industrial capacitive deionization technology (CDTTM) aquacells developed by CDT, Inc., Dallas, TX. For the development of 79PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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