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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Gas Hydrates Gas hydrates are crystalline water-based solids that physically resemble ice. However, instead of the closed crystalline lattice structure of ice, gas hydrates have open lattice structure with a cavity that traps non-polar molecules (typically gases). A photograph of a gas hydrate is shown in Figure 26. The hydrogen bonded water molecules essentially form a cage structure that traps gases including CH3, H2S, and CO2. An illustration of a gas hydrate is also shown in Figure 26. As with the freeze-thaw technology, when water crystallizes, it tends to exclude impurities (such as dissolved salts and suspended solids) from the crystalline matrix. Stable gas hydrates are naturally formed at moderately high pressures (10-13 MPa) and relatively low temperatures (0- 10 °C) at natural gas seeps within marine sediments [121]. The formation and subsequent processing of gas hydrates produce three streams: a pure water stream, natural gas, and concentrated brine. Figure 26: The physical and chemical appearance of gas hydrates. Methane liberated from a solid gas hydrate (left) (Source: [122]). Open crystalline ‘cage’ structure of a gas hydrate with a green polar molecule ‘trapped’ inside (right) (Source: [123]). A collaborative research initiative conducted by BC Technologies in conjunction with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and the International Petroleum and Environmental Consortium seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of forming gas hydrates in-situ at the well head for produced water treatment and management. The study is in its last year and is currently undergoing field demonstrations of an unspecified scale. Prior to the field demonstration, pilot- scale experiments were performed with flowrates of 1,050 to 2,100 gpd (25 to 50 bpd) on feed water with similar chemistry to that identified in the Greater Green River Basin [124]. These experiments demonstrated that the pilot system could recover 50-60% of the hydrates in a single pass; yet, of the hydrates recovered, only 23-29% of the feed water volume is converted to pure water. The feed water is reported to be composed of a TDS concentration that is greater than 10,000 mg/L, but is not likely to be greater than 35,000 g/L. No further data is currently available to assess the technical merits and limitations of this technology. Back to the list of technologies 82PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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