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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition loaded with sodium, the flows to the Higgins Loop are momentarily interrupted. This allows advancement of the resin bed (pulsing) through the loop in the opposite direction of liquid flow. Liquid flows are restarted after resin pulsing is complete [143, 144]. Higgins Loop technology is best suited for feed water containing 3,500 mg/L TDS and dominated by NaHCO3 [143]. Emit Higgins Loop model 3012 is built on two skids with a total footprint of 220 ft2, while the more popular model 6024 ships on three skids and has a total footprint of 450 ft2 [145].System setup requires a large crane (shown in Figure 39), but is otherwise relatively mobile. Figure 39. Installation of EMIT Higgins Loop system in the Powder River Basin (Source: [145]). Electric power consumption is estimated between 4.96 to 12.4 kWh/kgal (0.21 to 0.52 kWh/bbl) [144]. Public data concerning operational costs is unavailable at this time, however this costs will likely be similar to conventional IX processes as described in Table 29. System life cycle and IX resin life are also not reported, however EMIT claims that the system is able to operate with greater than 98% runtime [143]. Field testing data shows that the Higgins Loop is able to achieve 98% reduction SAR values, but may not treat TDS to an acceptably low level for discharge of product water with current NPDES regulations [45, 143]. Further post-treatment may be necessary. A summary of the technical assessment for the EMIT Higgins Loop IX process is shown in Table 40. Table 40. Summary of technical assessment of EMIT Higgins Loop IX process. Criteria Industrial status Feed water quality bins Product water quality Production efficiency (recovery) Description/Rationale 18 installations currently treating CBM produced water in the Powder River Basin and Greater Green River Basin. EMIT systems are capable of treating 336,000 to 1,176,000 gpd (8,000 to 28,000 bpd). The reported optimal feed water quality for the process is a NaHCO3 dominated feed with 3,500 mg/L TDS. Treatment process permeate quality is dependent on feed water salinity and operating conditions. >97% rejection of Na is achievable, with additional removal of Mg, Ba, and HCO3. Product water recovery is dependent on IX resin regeneration needs, but recovery typically exceeds 99%. 107PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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