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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition requires two 16,800 gal (400 bbl) water tanks and a 4,400 gal (105 bbl) H2SO4 regenerant tank [147]. Pre-treatment technologies may be required to remove resin foulants from the raw water supply. Energy requirements are not explicitly stated, but are likely to be slightly less than that required for the EMIT Higgins Loop system. Additional operation and management considerations may be inferred from the overall operation of IX processes. A technical assessment for the Drake IX process is summarized in Table 41. Table 41. Summary of technical assessment of the Drake IX process. Criteria Industrial status Feed water quality bins Product water quality Production efficiency (recovery) Energy consumption Life cycle Description/Rationale Pilot scale operations for CBM produced water treatment in the Powder River Basin. The current Drake system is designed to treat 361,000 gpd (8,600 bpd). The system has been tested with 1,000 mg/L TDS feed water dominated by NaHCO3. Treatment process permeate quality is dependent on feed water salinity and operating conditions. 93% rejection of Na ions is reported. Product water recovery is dependent on feed water quality and IX resin regeneration needs, but recovery with ideal feed water is reported as 97%. Energy requirements are minimal for most IX processes. No values are reported for the Drake system, but they may be inferred to be less than that required by the Higgins Loop. Cation exchange resins may perform for 10 to 15 years [114]. Infrastructure considerations This treatment process is reported to require a surface area of approximately 2 acres (87,000 ft2). Individual systems may be highly mobile, however further construction may be necessary to provide increased protection from the elements. Chemicals Chemical cleaning rates depend on feed water quality and IX resin adsorptive capacity. H2SO4 regenerant is required to restore the IX resin’s adsorptive capacity. Additional chemical disinfection may be required to mitigate biofouling and will typically consist of H2O2 or NaOCl cleaning solutions. O&M considerations Monitoring and control required for flow rates, product water quality and resin regeneration. System will likely require minimal supervisory oversight. Level of flexibility: System is optimized to remove Na ions, but will achieve moderate removal of divalent cations and metals. Level of robustness: IX processes are highly sensitive to fouling from organic materials and suspended solids. Care should be exercised to limit exposure of IX resin to oxidized metals and sparingly soluble mineral salts. Acid cation resins should not be exposed to feed temperatures in excess of 120 °C. Level of reliability: No information is provided on system up time. Types of energy required: electrical. Overall costs No data provided. 110PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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