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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Commercial Membrane Processes CDM Produced Water Technology CDM has developed a process for treating produced water containing TDS levels up to 20,000 mg/L. The technology is not specific for coal bed methane (CBM) produced water and has been pilot tested with tight sands produced water in the Piceance Basin and with CBM produced water in the Powder Rive Basin. CDM is also marketing the technology for treating flow-back water from subsurface hydraulic fracturing. The treatment process is comprised of a train of different technologies in series to meet site-specific treatment goals (Figure 43). The specific processes included in the treatment train are dictated by the feed water quality and the desired product water quality. Some of the technologies that may be utilized include: advanced filtration, weak acid cation IX softener, UV disinfection, low pressure RO, antiscalant addition, seawater/high pressure RO, evaporation, and crystallization. The feed stream is kept anoxic to minimize oxidation of iron and other metals, and to reduce the fouling potential of the water. Depending on the feed water quality, the process can achieve more than 97% recovery. A computer program was developed that assists in selecting the required technologies and predicts the performance and scale formation within the system based on feed water quality. The pretreatment for the process consists of media filers, and polymeric hollow fiber UF membranes to remove particulates, silt, oil, grease, coal fines, clay, and bacteria. The filtration system is backwashed using RO permeate. A weak acid cation (WAC) IX softener is used to reduce hardness and other metals. The resin is regenerated using hydrochloric acid. The water is then disinfected using UV. The calcium and magnesium-rich WAC regeneration solution is combined with the filter backwash and is either treated separately or combined with the product streams from the membrane processes and discharged, depending on the scenario and the feed water quality. After pretreatment, low-pressure reverse osmosis (capable of achieving 85% recovery) is employed. The train size and type of membrane employed is tailored based on the feed water quality. An antiscalant (~10 mg/L) is added to the concentrate stream to stabilize the silica and to prevent scale formation in the next high-pressure RO stage. The second RO stage consists of high-pressure or seawater RO membranes that can achieve 80% water recovery. The RO permeate is combined with the low-pressure RO permeate for discharge or beneficial use. The concentrate, approximately 2 to 3% of the initial feed volume, is either disposed of as a waste, or can be treated for ZLD. Because many produced waters contain high levels of sodium and low levels of divalent ions, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) may be too high even after treatment for the water to be put to beneficial use. In these cases, a limestone bed is used to add calcium to the water and lower the SAR. Some produced water applications may require ZLD because brine disposal is not feasible or is too expensive. For ZLD applications, the concentrate from the second stage RO is fed to an evaporator. Evaporators are very energy intensive and therefore the energy for the evaporator can be obtained from natural gas waste heat from a compressor at the well field. The distillate from the evaporator is combined with the RO permeate streams for discharge or for other beneficial uses. The residuals from the evaporator can be either concentrated brine or solids. Depending on feed water quality and discharge permits, filter backwash stream and WAC 116PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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