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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Low energy consumption: High flux, and minimized membrane scaling and fouling make VSEP® very energy efficient (0.27 kWh/kgal filtrate). Small footprint: The VSEP® membrane system has a vertical plate-and-frame configuration, where hundreds of membrane leafs are stacked on top of each other. This results in a very small horizontal footprint of the unit. As much as 2000 square feet (185 m2) of membrane is contained in one VSEP® module with a footprint of 4x4 ft. The combined advantages make VSEP® an attractive technology for treatment of produced water. New Logic has been testing VSEP® for produced water treatment - both onshore and offshore. Test were conducted in California, the North Sea, Latin America, and Alberta's Oil Sands [158]. Several produced water projects are listed in Table 45. Table 45. VSEP® produced water projects. Produced water type CBM Produced Water Offshore Produced Water Oil Produced Water Oil Produced Water Produced Water Offshore Produced Water Note: 1 barrel = 42 US gallons Location MGD bbl/day Utah 0.72 17143 Santa Maria, CA Santa Maria, CA Bakersfield, CA 0.86 20571 0.22 5143 12.24 291429 Kuwait 1.44 34286 Peru 0.05 1200 In 2006, the first full-scale VSEP® system was selected to create steam quality water from oilfield produced brine at a BreitBurn Energy facility in Santa Barbara, California. BreitBurn implements steam flooding in the process and is using steam generators in the operations to enhance oil production. Re-injection of produced water into the source formations was the method of disposal. After on-site trials, BreitBurn determined that the VSEP® system provided a cost-effective solution capable of removing the contaminants and providing the needed boiler feed water; thus, eliminating the need for expensive pretreatment and chemical usage. The BreitBurn produced water is high in alkalinity, silica, sodium, carbonate, and TOC. The feed to the VSEP® contains 25,900 mg/L TDS and 870 mg/L hardness. The TOC was mostly made up of paraffins, waxes, and asphaltenes that are colloidal materials that do not readily separate using conventional methods. Asphaltenes tend to adsorb at water-in-crude oil interfaced to form a rigid film surrounding the interface. A schematic drawing of the BreitBurn treatment process is shown in Figure 46. The treatment employs both NF and RO membranes. The final permeate, after two stages of filtration, has a non-detectable concentrations of hardness and water quality that is suitable for boiler feed water. The VSEP® process achieved an overall recovery of 70% of the oil produced water as clean boiler feed water. 123PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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