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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Post-treatment and Miscellaneous Treatment SAR and Other Nutritious Minerals Adjustment Some produced water and/or treated water such as RO product water have high sodium and low calcium and magnesium concentrations. High sodium concentrations in waters reduce the permeability of clay-bearing soil and adversely affect the soil structure. Water that lack secondary macronutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and sulfate can cause deficiency symptoms in crops that may need remediation by fertilization. Therefore, the water has to be properly treated to prevent adverse effects to distribution systems, soils, and crops. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), along with pH, characterizes salt-affected soils. It is an easily measured property that gives information on the comparative concentrations of sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) in soil solutions. SAR is calculated using the following equation: Na (meq / L) (Ca2 Mg2)(meq/L) 2 When the SAR rises above 12 to 15, serious physical soil problems arise and plants have difficulty absorbing water. Table 50 and Table 51 provide specific information on tolerance of plants and soils to SAR. Tolerance Very sensitive Sensitive Moderately tolerant Tolerant SAR of irrigation water 2-8 8-18 18-46 46-102 Crop Fruits, nuts, citrus, avocat Beans Clover, oats, rice Wheat, barley, tomatoes, beets, tall wheat grass, crested grass SAR Table 50. Plants tolerance to SAR. Source: Extracted from the Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh & Marine Waters (ANZECC) Table 51. SAR Hazard of irrigation water SAR None < 3.0 Acute > 9.0 Notes No restriction on the use of recycled water Severe damage. Unsuitable. Slight to moderate 3.0 - 9.0 From 3 to 6 care should be taken to sensitive crops. From 6 to 8 gypsum should be used. Not sensitive crops. Soils should be sampled and tested every 1 or 2 years to determine whether the water is causing a sodium increase High SAR water can be blended with other source waters for remineralization. There are also a variety of treatment methods that can be used to add hardness back to desalinated water [102]; these may include addition of lime or contact filtration through limestone (calcite or dolomite) filters. The addition of slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to produced water can provide calcium and alkalinity (i.e., hydroxide alkalinity) as well as to adjust product water pH. When 133PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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