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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition adding lime to water, it is important to consider that the solubility of calcium carbonate depends on pH, temperature, and ionic strength. Lime may not dissolve easily and may cause residual turbidity, which is a disadvantage of this approach. It should be noted that adding calcium and magnesium to produced water does not reduce sodium, but changes the ratio of sodium to other salts. Although the SAR is decreased by adding hardness, the produced water becomes more saline with the sodium salt still dissolved in the water. This approach is not likely to work with CBM product water that is sodium bicarbonate type. The added hardness (calcium) will combine with carbonate from the CBM water and precipitate out as calcium carbonate (lime). SAR treatment may require the addition of acid (e.g., H2SO4) to help degassing carbonate and dissolve the lime and produce the desired hardness concentration. Warm water however can slow down the rate of lime dissolution. This method is commonly used to add hardness and alkalinity to water to make it more stable and for corrosion protection. Besides SAR adjustment of produced water, land irrigated by high SAR produced water can be treated with gypsum and other soil supplements between irrigation cycles (e.g., conducted by Williams [3]). The technical assessment of SAR adjustment and addition of other minerals for produced water disposal and reuse is summarized in Table 52. Table 52. Summary of technical assessment of SAR adjustment and addition of other minerals. Criteria Description/Rationale Industrial status Feed water quality bins Product water quality Production efficiency (recovery) Infrastructure considerations Energy consumption Chemicals Life cycle O&M considerations Overall costs Pre-and post treatment Concentrate management or waste disposal Applicability in produced water treatment Note: 1 barrel = 42 US gallons Industrialized technology. Have been used for produced water management. Not applicable. Not applicable. Not applicable. No specific requirement. Energy requirement is low. Chemicals required, such as lime, limestone, acid or other mineral salts, etc. Same as treatment plant. Chemical handling. Overall cost is low, and depending on the chemical used. Not applicable. Not applicable. Excellent for produced water treatment. Back to the list of technologies 134PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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