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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Constructed Wetlands The development of constructed wetlands started approximately 40 years ago to exploit the biodegradation ability of plants [19]. Wetland treatment systems utilize natural filtration systems to remove suspended matter, organic matter, nutrients, metals, and certain pathogens. Constructed wetlands allow vertical and horizontal flow of water through the system. In vertical flow system (Figure 48) water flows through layers of soils and gravels. It is an aerobic process used primarily to remove organic matter and nutrients by natural bacteria in an aerobic environment. Figure 48. Vertical flow constructed wetland. The horizontal flow constructed wetland system (Figure 49) is a facultative aerobic or anaerobic process, depending on the time and frequency of inundation, where water flows from one side of the system to the other. This type of constructed system is typically used to remove biological organic matter, to disinfect, to filter finely, and remove specifically by precipitation, ionic exchange, or adsorption [19]. Figure 49. Horizontal flow constructed wetland. Constructed wetlands also provide an approach to treat raw produced water or as post- treatment to further clean treated water. Research sponsored by Marathon Oil Company in 2000 involved construction of an artificial sedge wetland system to treat CBM produced water. The purpose of the project was to determine if constituents concentrated in CBM produced water, mainly SAR, iron, and barium, could be treated cost-effectively. The flowrate into the wetland system in that study was designed to be 30-40 gpm (approximately 1 bpm). Results after one year of operation indicated that the wetland system could effectively treat iron and possibly barium, but not change SAR. A report by Montana State University further supported these results, concluding “clean water is needed to supplement sodicity and saline treatment by vegetation and soil (Cited from All Consulting report, [168]). Leon et al [169] proposed that for produced water with high chloride content, wetlands can be used as a natural evaporating system, in which halophyte plants uptake water and evapotranspire it, reducing water volume and the associated costs by effluents reinjection. For produced water with organic compounds content, wetlands are proposed to be used as treatment systems. Wetlands could be designed for specific desired results, depending on produced water quality and prevalent environmental conditions [169]. 135PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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