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RPSEA Project 07122-12 TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1st Edition Infiltration Ponds Infiltration impoundment (aka holding pond, recharge pond) is a common method of handling CBM produced water. These impoundments are typically unlined; in some cases, the bottom surface of an impoundment area may contain key trench-type excavations or closely spaced boreholes to enhance infiltration. Evaporation also may be enhanced by atomizers placed on towers situated on floating islands, with spray from these units directed above the water surface only [174]. Infiltration ponds also have some treatment function to lower TDS by a settling removal mechanism or by water infiltration through a pre-fabricated pond liner. Nutrient uptake is also possible through various biological processes that could facilitate additional uses [19]. In Wyoming, approximately 3,000 infiltration ponds are either currently in use or are in the permitting stage [175]. Similar use of infiltration ponds in Montana is expected as CBM development expands. Infiltration ponds have several advantages. They are an inexpensive means of disposing of produced water, and allow more flexibility in pumping rates for the developer/operator. Also, the produced water, which comes from primary aquifers in the area, helps recharge the shallow ground-water system [175]. In areas with limited water supplies, this technology would be most applicable to increase declining groundwater systems to help supplement various water uses. The use of recharge ponds to replenish depleted aquifers would be very site specific and would require extensive evaluation [19]. The infiltration ponds also have several potential disadvantages. The infiltrated water may not move vertically into the original deep aquifers, but rather tends to infiltrate to shallow zones or move laterally. As the sodium-bicarbonate water moves through the shallow weathered bedrock, a series of chemical reactions may increase the salt load in the water and detrimentally impact shallow aquifers or streams. Predicting changes in water quality is an integral part of permitting these ponds [175]. Researchers at the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology are developing methods to assess proposed CBM infiltration pond sites and to test and calibrate those methods with field research. This will determine what criteria will be needed for the appropriate siting of infiltration ponds. The technical assessment of infiltration ponds for produced water disposal is summarized in Table 54. 138PDF Image | TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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