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Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8687 12 of 18 induces increased color adsorption and SS removal. The density of such irregular waves at increasing rotational speeds of 400, 550, and 850 rpm appears to remain approximately the same, thus similar micromixing intensities were acting within the liquid film and, consequently, the highest removal values were registered in the above-mentioned rotation speed interval. However, the largest flowrates of 20, 25, and 30 L/h, in the same rotational speed interval rendered a decrease in the maximum discoloration and SS removal, possibly due to the shorter residence time periods despite the increased degree of micromixing. At larger rotational speeds, of 1200 and 1500 rpm, the liquid residence time decreases further and the intense micromixing is not efficient. Bentonite used in this study is known as a natural clay material with good adsorption capabilities for different types of pollutants, organic or inorganic compounds, including heavy metals. A WW treatment with bentonite in a spinning disc setup was expected to have increased adsorption capabilities given the intensive micromixing and the much smaller micromixing times compared to the larger disc residence times [36]. Thus, a significant decrease in color was expected and finally observed in the laboratory SD setup. Additionally, bentonite is known to promote agglomeration (as coagulation adjuvant), which typically contains two stages, the first one characterized by rapid mixing for a better dispersion of the destabilization agent (coagulation adjuvant) and the second characterized by a gentler mixing to allow for flocs formation and separation by settling. However, it is known that by varying such factors as mixing speed (an increase during the second stage of coagulation), mixing intensity, and mixing time, improvements in the suspended solids and turbidity removal can be obtained [38,39]. That is why it is possible that certain values of the WW flowrate and disc rotational speed within the SD setup have rendered improved values for suspended solids and turbidity within relatively short time periods. The wastewater treatment efficiency by SD technology in the presented laboratory setup is reasonably good, considering that no other chemical, mechanical-physical or biological treatment processes or operations were applied. Thus, one can use this technology to minimize the color and suspended solids loads within relatively short periods of time (ranging from 25 up to 60 min, depending on the working conditions, as seen in Table 2). 3.2. Modeling of Textile WW Treatment in the Laboratory SD Setup Efficient modeling and monitoring methods are becoming very important in each rigorous industrial WW treatment system organized in any processing/manufacturing industry. Therefore, improving the WW treatment performance requires an accumulation of accurate knowledge of existing or newly designed WW treatment systems, and also demands mathematical modeling and optimization. The issue of modeling associated with optimization is very problematic due to model complexity (i.e., several variables, kinetic and stoichiometric parameters, etc.). Therefore, the key operating parameters (namely, the three independent variables) influencing the removal efficiency were selected, and the prediction model efficiency and sensitivity analysis by known statistics methodology was performed, because it is difficult to simultaneously consider all selected variables while predicting the results. The designing and modeling of the WW treatment process in the SD setup was performed by using an empirical experimental planning with an active central composite rotatable 23 order design, considering three independent variables (z1, z2, z3) and two response functions or optimization criteria—i.e., suspended solids removal (Y1) and discoloration (Y2). The real (zi0) and coded basic (Xi0) values of the three studied independent variables are shown in Table 3, together with their variation steps (∆zi0). The experimental variation field for the operating time (X3) was short (no more than 25–30 min) due to two main reasons: (i) energy cost minimization and (ii) if additional chemical oxidative processes are applied (e.g., Fenton oxidation, especially for organics removal); these operate efficiently and attain high removals after a short period of time (frequently no more than 20–30 min).PDF Image | Textile Wastewater Treatment on a Spinning Disc Reactor
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