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are prevented from reaching the membranes, thereby further reducing clogging and fouling of the most expensive component of the system. In contrast, the frit or other porous medium is cheap and could be periodically replaced. Other system designs and applications are also possible. For exam- ple, in order to avoid the need for Faradaic reactions, such as water split- ting, to sustain the current, shock ED could also be performed with blocking porous electrodes to drive salt depletion, as in (membrane [48]) capacitive deionization [49,50]. The use of metal electrodeposition to sustain the current at the cathode, even without a membrane, could also enable selective metal separation to be added as yet another simul- taneous functionality. The dissolved molecules or colloidal particles would separate via shock-ED fractionation in the leaky membrane in cross flow, while dissolved metal ions could be selectively removed by “shock electrodeposition” at the cathode [20], all in one continuous unit process. Acknowledgments This work was supported by grants from the Weatherford Interna- tional and the MIT Energy Initiative. W. A. would like to thank the Department of Chemical Engineering of Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal for the internship support at MIT. References [1] M.A. Shannon, P.W. Bohn, M. Elimelech, J.G. Georgiadis, B.J. Marioas, A.M. Mayes, Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades, Nature 452 (2008) 301–310. [2] Y.-M.Chao,T.Liang,Afeasibilitystudyofindustrialwastewaterrecoveryusingelec- trodialysis reversal, Desalination 221 (2008) 433–439. [3] B.Sauvet-Goichon,Ashkelondesalinationplant—asuccessfulchallenge,Desalination 203 (2007) 75–81. 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