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Polymers 2019, 11, 2000 8 of 21 which have ranged from 0.2–2.3 wt % silver on initial textile loading [97–101]. This highlights the efficacy and potency of the surface treatment route adopted in this study. The expected XRD signals for GO/rGO, which are usually observed at ~10◦ and ~25◦ 2θ, were completely blocked by the polyviscose substrate signal [102,103]. Nevertheless, the silver incorporated samples yielded prominent peaks that were solely assigned to the well-defined crystalline FCC phase. There was no evidence of oxidation, nitridation, or any other mixed phase presence. The observed peaks at approximately 38◦, 44.5◦, Polymers 2019, 11, 2000 8 of 21 64.5◦, 77.5◦, and 81.5◦, correspond to (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222) planes, respectively. The data sepelmaninesg,lyreisnpdeicctaivtelsye.nThaendceadtalsoeaedmininggolyf AingdNicPatwesitehnrhGanOceudsalogaed(iansgwoeflAl agsNinPcwreiathsinrGgOpaurstiacgle s(iazse) anwdewlliatshininccrreeaassininggpNaratiBcHlesize)coandcewntirthatinocnr,easirnegflNecateBdHi4n(aqi)nctoencseintytrantidonp,eaaskrepfrlecsteendcein.Tinhtenfsaisttyer 4(aq) reancdtiopneakkinpetriecseonfceA.gTNhePfaosrtmeratrieoancteionnhaknincientgicsthoefrAedguNcPtiofonramnadtiaotntaecnhhmaenncitnogfthegreradpuhcteinoneoaxnide foartmtaschtomtehnettoefxtihlesgurbapsthreante.oFxuirdteheformrmosret,orGthOetsexetmilesstoubcsotnrafeter.gFrueratheerrimntoerefa,crGiaOlosxeidematsivteosctoanbfielirty togtrheaetAergiNntPe,rftahcoiaulgohxtidautievteostaabhilgithy etonethrgeyAbgaNrrPi,etrhpouregshetndteude tboyathiegdhieffnuesrigoynboafrroixerygperense[5n3te,7d2b,8y7]. the diffusion of oxygen [53,72,87]. For all samples, the common trend is that thickness of the For all samples, the common trend is that thickness of the composite coating increases with increasing composite coating increases with increasing NaBH4(aq) concentration, which leads to diminishing the NaBH4(aq) concentration, which leads to diminishing the substrate signal. Concurrently, for both the substrate signal. Concurrently, for both the AgNP and Ag-rGO samples, there is an enhancement of AgNP and Ag-rGO samples, there is an enhancement of the silver fcc peaks. The relative intensity and the silver fcc peaks. The relative intensity and presence of the full complement of Ag peaks for Ag- presence of the full complement of Ag peaks for Ag-rGO samples are indicative of a higher loading, rGO samples are indicative of a higher loading, which is in good agreement with EDS findings. which is in good agreement with EDS findings. Figure 2. (a) XRD patterns of blank substrates, AgNP-, rGO-, and Ag-rGO-impregnated polyviscose Figure 2. (a) XRD patterns of blank substrates, AgNP-, rGO-, and Ag-rGO-impregnated polyviscose non-woven fabrics, at surface treatment NaBH4(aq) reduces the agent concentration of 200 mmol, non-woven fabrics, at surface treatment NaBH4(aq) reduces the agent concentration of 200 mmol, which which confirms the sole presence of fcc metallic silver. (b) EDS of fabric composites highlighting the confirms the sole presence of fcc metallic silver. (b) EDS of fabric composites highlighting the variation in silver loading between Ag-impregnated and Ag-rGO impregnated non-woven polyviscose variation in silver loading between Ag-impregnated and Ag-rGO impregnated non-woven substrates, and (c) leaching of silver from Ag/rGO/Ag-rGO-impregnated polyviscose non-woven fabric polyviscose substrates, and c) leaching of silver from Ag/rGO/Ag-rGO-impregnated polyviscose non- into 0.85% saline solution at RTP, determined by ICP-OES, measured over 3 h. DL: “Detection limit.” woven fabric into 0.85% saline solution at RTP, determined by ICP-OES, measured over 3 h. DL: “Detection limit.” ICP-OES data on leaching studies (ICP-OES provides elemental specificity and high sensitivity – limits of detection in the μg/L range) was used to determine the extent of Ag-species leaching from the polyviscose substrate into the solution (Figure 2c). Use of rGO as an overlay/protective coating allowed for effective adhesion and durability of AgNP, which minimised the aggregation problem of AgNPs and allows higher overall loadings of silver to be achieved, all with long-term protection capability [59]. In both the solely AgNP and Ag-rGO samples, there was a detectable leaching of silverPDF Image | Antimicrobial from Silver-Graphene Coated Medical Textiles
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