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Molecules 2020, 25, 3191 8 of 24 phase to a detector (UV/Vis, DAD, MS, etc.,). HPLC is a valuable method for antioxidant capacity determination. The antioxidant properties determination using HPLC system was applied by using on-line post-column detection. First, the separation of sample is promoted and then is mixed with radical solution (ABTS, DPPH). The solution is then directed to a detector and the obtained negative peaks represent a reaction of sample with radical [69–71]. 3.4. Biosensors Method Biosensors represent analytical tools consisting of a biological recognition element (enzyme, receptor, microorganism, antibody), coupled with a chemical or physical transducer (mass, electrochemical, optical, or thermal) [72]. Potential applications of biosensors for antioxidant capacity determination include monitoring of free radicals, such as nitric oxide (NO), superoxide radical (O−2 ), glutathione (GSH), uric acid, ascorbic acid, or phenolic compounds [72,73]. 3.5. Nanotechnological Methods Nanotechnological techniques are usually based on colorimetric total antioxidant capacity assay. The formation of nanoparticles from noble metals, such as gold and silver, by the reaction between metallic salt (Au3+, Ag1+) and antioxidant leads to the possibility of determination of antioxidant properties of studied samples [12]. When AgNPs are synthesized, the phenomenon of surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) is evident [74,75]. Because of this, metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have interesting attributes such as intensive color which can be detected in visible region of spectra [76]. Reducing compounds are necessary for the formation of nanosuspension, so natural antioxidants are mostly used for nanoparticles preparation and this fact gives the opportunities to detect physicochemical properties including total antioxidant capacity [77]. NPs can be also used for scavenging activity against ROS/RNS determination [77]. 4. Silver Nanoparticles and Antioxidant Activity Properties 4.1. AgNPs Synthesis Synthesis of Ag nanoparticles that are known mainly for their great antimicrobial activity can be achieved through various methods [78]. In general, we can divide these methods into physical, chemical, and biological. Some of these methods are simple and provide good control of nanoparticle size by affecting the reaction process, but on the other hand, there are still problems with stabilization of the obtained products and to achieve unimodal distribution in nano-region [79]. In Table 2 we show the list of some AgNPs synthesis techniques and several of them are briefly described below. Physical Methods Arc discharge Ball milling Evaporation–condensation Pulsed laser ablation Spray pyrolysis Vapor and gas phase 4.1.1. Physical Methods Chemical Methods Electrochemical Microwave assisted Photochemical Reduction Sonochemical In Vitro Methods Using algae Using biomolecules Using essential oils Using microorganisms Using mushroom extracts Using plant extracts In Vivo Methods Using algae Using microorganisms Using plant Using yeast Table 2. Selected techniques for AgNPs preparation. Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis Green Synthesis Methods Physical approaches for AgNPs synthesis include evaporation-condensation, which has some disadvantages, such as high energy consumption, long time for achieving thermal stability [80,81]. For these reasons, various physical techniques were developed. Pluym et al. used conventional spray pyrolysis [82], Lee and his colleagues synthesized nanoparticles thermal decomposition [83], or ballPDF Image | Antioxidant Activity Determination of Silver Nanoparticles
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