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Molecules 2020, 25, 3191 16 of 24 and chemical. Obviously, the most commonly used synthesis approach to AgNPs synthesis is the biological one, which utilizes mainly plant extracts to reduce silver ion to form and stabilize the Ag0 nanoparticles. This approach is becoming more popular because of the environmental and economic reasons. The antioxidant properties of AgNPs are usually evaluated by DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays. As the most established nanoparticles are synthesized using plant extracts, the antioxidant capacity of AgNPs is often compared with plant extract itself. The results are contradictory, as some authors observed higher antioxidant capacity of AgNPs, whereas on the other hand, there are also studies with the opposite results. Based on the large number of papers reporting both types of results, it seems that both scenarios are possible. In general, the antioxidant properties of silver nanoparticles depend on the chemical composition of the extract and it usually improves with the increase of the AgNPs concentration. If the extract is rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, the nanoparticles exhibit high scavenging activity. This review has shown that there are many methods used for antioxidant capacity determination. It is hard to conclude which method is the most suitable because of various composition of nanoparticles synthesized by biological methods depending on the phytochemicals presented in plant extracts. The antioxidant test models vary in different aspects. Therefore, the total antioxidant capacity cannot by evaluated on the basis of a single antioxidant test model and it is also difficult to compare one method with another. In the present state, the use of combination of different methods is always beneficial. However, understanding the roles of various antioxidants and their activities is challenging. Because of this, there is an enormous need to develop a uniform protocol for determining the antioxidant capacity of nanoparticles to precisely assess their potential. Funding: This study was supported by Slovak Grant Agency VEGA (2/0044/18) and by Slovak Research and Development Agency (contract APVV-18-0357). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Rai, M.; Yadav, A.; Gade, A. Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnol. Adv. 2009, 27, 76–83. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Pandit, R. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from seed extract of Brassica nigra and its antibacterial activity. Nusant. Biosci. 2015, 7, 15–19. [CrossRef] 3. Abbasi, E.; Milani, M.; Fekri Aval, S.; Kouhi, M.; Akbarzadeh, A.; Tayefi Nasrabadi, H.; Nikasa, P.; Joo, S.W.; Hanifehpour, Y.; Nejati-Koshki, K.; et al. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis methods, bio-applications and properties. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2014, 42, 1–8. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 4. Jiang, H.; Manolache, S.; Wong, A.C.L.; Denes, F.S. Plasma-enhanced deposition of silver nanoparticles onto polymer and metal surfaces for the generation of antimicrobial characteristics. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 93, 1411–1422. [CrossRef] 5. Hwang, I.; Hwang, J.H.; Choi, H.; Kim, K.-J.; Lee, D.G. Synergistic effects between silver nanoparticles and antibiotics and the mechanisms involved. J. Med. Microbiol. 2012, 61, 1719–1726. [CrossRef] 6. Tian, X.; Jiang, X.; Welch, C.; Croley, T.R.; Wong, T.; Chen, C.; Fan, S.; Chong, Y.; Li, R.; Ge, C.; et al. Bactericidal effects of silver nanoparticles on lactobacilli and the underlying mechanism bactericidal effects of silver nanoparticles on lactobacilli and the underlying mechanism. Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2018, 10, 8443–8450. [CrossRef] 7. Jacob, S.J.P.; Finub, J.S.; Narayanan, A. Biointerfaces synthesis of silver nanoparticles using piper longum leaf extracts and its cytotoxic activity against Hep-2 cell line. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2012, 91, 212–214. [CrossRef] 8. Wei, L.; Lu, J.; Xu, H.; Patel, A.; Chen, Z.-S.; Guofang, C.; Chen, Z. Silver nanoparticles: Synthesis, properties, and therapeutic applications. Drug Discov. Today 2015, 20, 595–601. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 9. Nazem, A.; Mansoori, G.A. Diagnostic methods and therapeutic agents. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 2008, 13, 199–223. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Antioxidant Activity Determination of Silver Nanoparticles
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