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S118 P. MATHUR ET AL. The formulated AgNPs gel could be used as an efficient and better substitute in burns by promoting cellular growth and relieving pain [26]. Khan et al. described the method of synthesis of nano- particle using Heliotropium crispum plant extract. The antibacterial action of AgNPs was found to be species independent and strictly strain dependent as both Gram negative P. aeruginosa (PA) and A. baumannii (AB) and Gram positive Multiple Drug Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) exhibited differential inhibition zones and decrease in bacterial viability [27]. Kajani et al. synthesized AgNP using extract of T. baccata plant, which showed better anticancer activity than the previously reported ones due to the synergistic role of Taxus compound in the nanoparticle cytotoxicity. It was concluded that the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs in com- bination with targeted therapy of tumours may give rise an alternative approach for efficient treatment of cancers with fewer side effects [28]. Sadat et al. developed high drug-loaded Imatinib-loaded silver nanoparticle for potent bioavailability and decreas- ing dose frequency which is important in antitumor drug delivery to breast cancer cells, which was incited by apoptosis rather than necrosis. They concluded that green synthesized silver nanoparticles are promising sus- tained release system to the Imatinib and will be poten- tially useful for controlled drug delivery [29]. Djahaniani et al. prepared silver nanoparticles using Tribulus longipetalus leaf extract and tested against the microorganism S. aureus, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, K. pneu- moniae, B. subtilis and S. typhimurium. These nanopar- ticles were found to have proficient antimicrobial action against all bacterial species, except for K. pneumoniae. The highest inhibition zone (12.0 mm ±1) and the lowest MIC value (256 lg/mL) were achieved for B. subtilis, which indicated this microorganism as the most subtle species to polar and non-polar extracts [30]. Govindarajan et al. reported mosquitocidal silver nano- particle using aqueous leaf extract of A. indica and sug- gested that the synthesis of nanoparticle using A. indica may be considered for the development of newer and safer mosquito larvicides [31]. Jannathul and Lalitha described the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Alternanthera sessilis as a reducing agent by sonication, espousing green chemistry principles. The cytotoxic effect of biosyn- thesized silver nanoparticles was studied by MTT assay against breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cell line) and the NPs exhibited significant cytotoxic activity with IC50 value 3.04lg/mL compared to that of standard cisplatin. The data obtained in the study revealed the potent therapeutic value of biogenic silver nanoparticles and the scope for further development of anticancer drugs [32]. Marslin et al. biosynthesized cream formulation of silver nanoparticle using Withania somnifera extract and con- cluded that WS-AgNP cream had higher antimicrobial activity, hence could be used in low doses and less toxic for patient in comparison with AgNO3 counterparts [33]. Sahana et al. formulated antibacterial cold cream using biosynthesized silver nanoparticle from flower extract of Cassia auriculata as a reducing agent. The cold cream containing the flower extract alone showed a minimum inhibitory effect on the pathogens whereas the bacteri- cidal cold cream containing the NPs synthesized from the flower extract showed an excellent antibacterial activ- ity [34]. Veerakumar et al. synthesized AgNP using Heliotropium indicum plant leaves and displayed larvicidal effects on A. stephensi, A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus vector mosquito species. The LC50 and LC90 values of H. indicum aqueous leaf extract appeared to be effective against A. stephensi followed by A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus further ensuring the potential to be used as an ideal eco- friendly approach for the control of mosquito vector spe- cies [35]. Rajakumar and Rahuman utilized aqueous extract from Eclipta prostrata to synthesize AgNP possessing larvicidal activity. The results conveyed that the AgNPs have the capability to be used as an ideal eco-friendly way for the control of the Culex tritaeniorhynchus and A. subpictus and claimed being the first report on the mosquito larvi- cidal activity of synthesized AgNPs against vectors [36]. Kuberan et al. prepared AgNPs by green synthesis using Carica papaya latex extract as a bio-reductant and clearly suggested that CPAgNPs could be developed as nano drug formulation to combat against bacterial infection and breast cancer chemotherapy [37]. Goyal et al. synthesized AgNP using b-glucan replacing conventional reducing agents with biocompatible and structural compatible sugar molecules. An efficient nano- emulsions delivery method for AgNP was developed wherein DOX was encapsulated in nanoemulsions con- taining AgNP and displayed antibacterial effects together with antitumor efficacy, which is quite useful in treatment of cancer cells, while preventing microbial infection. The effective loading of drug was about 15–30% [38]. Manukumar et al. developed thymol-loaded chitosan AgNP by novel route using chitosan as reducing agent and thymol as capping agent, which is highly efficacious against multiple food-borne pathogens and is potent in controlling the human diseases induced by both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria [39]. Thapa et al. embedded graphene oxide in silver nanopar- ticles (GO-AgNP) using glucose as reducing agent. By covalent conjugation of MTX to GO-AgNP via amide bond the targeting of folate receptors expressing cancer cells could be achieved and their combination may be used synergistically for treatment of cancer [40]. Catanzano et al. formulated wound healing bio functional hydro gel using alginate and hyaluronic acid containing ultra-small silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial constituent and were fabricated using CaCO3 and glu- cono- d-lactone [41]. Alves et al. formulated antimicrobial thermo-responsive gel by interaction of AgNP with PVP and PVA polymers and thereafter incorporated in CUR/P407 (1:2) solid dis- persion into a polymer dispersion of 20% P407 andPDF Image | Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology
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