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S120 P. MATHUR ET AL. acid (FA) to exploit the folate receptor a (FRA), which is over expressed in approximately 80% of TNBC. In com- parison to non-targeted AgNPs, FA-AgNPs significantly increased the cytotoxic effects of the prepared AgNPs against TNBC in vitro. The authors concluded that AgNPs exerted significant anti-cancer activity towards TNBC cells in vitro and in vivo [51]. Pimentel et al. reported the synthesis of AgNPs (3.89 ± 0.90 nm) through the polyol method, the gener- ation of AgNP nanocarriers and the bioconjugation proto- col of the nanocarrier with soybean agglutinin (SBA). The free AgNPs, the AgNP nanocarriers, and the SBA-biocon- jugated AgNP nanocarriers were tested for cytotoxicity in breast cancerous (MDA-MB-231and MCF7) and non-can- cerous (MCF 10A) cells, using the MTT assay. AgNPs dem- onstrated cytotoxic activity in vitro, the non-cancerous cells (MCF 10A) being more sensible than the cancerous cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7) showing LD50 values of 128, 205 and 319 lM Ag, respectively; the nanoencapsula- tion diminished the cytotoxic effect of AgNPs in non-can- cerous cells, alleviating the effect on the cancer-derived cells, whereas the SBA-bioconjugation allowed AgNP cytotoxic activity with a similar behaviour to the nanocar- riers [52]. Kravets et al. demonstrated the application of lumines- cent silver nanoparticles as imaging agents for neural stem and rat basophilic leukaemia cells and further studied the experimental size dependence of the extinc- tion and emission spectra for silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were functionalized with fluorescent glycine dimers. Spectral position of the resonance extinction and photoluminescence emission for particles with average diameters ranging from 9 to 32nm was inspected. The nanoparticles were able to penetrate cell membranes of rat basophilic leukaemia and neural stem cells fixed with paraformaldehyde. Additionally, toxicity studies were per- formed and it was found that towards rat basophilic leu- kaemia cells, luminescent silver nanoparticles had a toxic effect in the silver atom concentration range of 10–100 lM [53]. Verma et al. formulated wound dressing carbopol based hydro gel using sericin and chitosan capped AgNP, which displayed higher antibacterial activity and were found to be non-irritant, potential wound healer, biocompatible by in vivo studies [54]. Borrego et al. tested the antiviral activity of AgNP formu- lated as Argovit against Rift valley fever virus, which rep- resents an important zoonotic pathogen and potential biological weapon. Silver nanoparticles combined with the virus will help to plan a more effective application of Argovit against viral infections both prophylactically and therapeutically [55]. McLaughlin et al. prepared sprayable formulation of AgNPs by exchanging citrate capping agents with LL37- SH peptide thereby forming antimicrobial composite that was acting as an anti-infective and anti-biofilm barrier against P. aeruginosa infection without having any toxic or anti-proliferative effects on human skin fibroblasts and when used as in vivo wound model, the composite remained in the affected area without infiltrating other tissue and organ [56]. Chen et al. formulated multifunctional nano carrier based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with gold/silver core–shell nanoparticles (Au@Ag NPs) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for tracing the intra- cellular drug release process. The nano carrier, the Au@Ag NPs adsorbed on the surface of MWCNTs were labelled with the pH-dependent SERS reporter 4-Mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) for SERS based pH sens- ing. Fluorescent doxorubicin (DOX) was used as the model drug, which can be loaded onto MWCNTs via p–p stacking and released from the MWCNTs under acidic condition. The drug release dynamics were enquired, 2-D colour-gradient pH mapping were plotted, which were calculated from the SERS spectra of 4MBA further indicat- ing that the designed nanocarrier have a great potential in intraceable drug delivery, cancer cells imaging and pH monitoring [57]. Yen et al. presented a platform for multiplexed pathogen detection using multi-coloured silver nanoplates, which requires no external excitation source and permits multi- plexed analysis in a single channel, facilitating integration and manufacturing. Rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostic devices are needed for field-forward safeguarding or screening of severe acute systemic febrile illnesses. Multiplexed rapid lateral flow diagnostics have the cap- ability to differentiate among multiple pathogens, thereby facilitating diagnosis and ameliorating patient care [58]. Tutaj et al. synthesized AgNP using antifungal agent amphotericin B acting both as reducing as well as cap- ping agent. An excellent anti-fungal activity of AmB- AgNPs was ascribed to the synergistic effect of antifungal activity of amphotericin-B and antimicrobial properties of silver [59]. Li Hui et al. reported on silver decahedral nanoparticles (Ag10NPs)-based FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) sensor for target cell imaging. Fluorophores- functionalized aptamers (Sgc8-FITC) were bound with Ag10NPs via the SH group on the aptamer to form Ag10- Sgc8-FITC. Then, quencher-carrying strands (BHQ-1) were hybridized with Sgc8-FITC to form an Ag10NPs-based FRET sensor (Ag10-Sgc8-F/Q). The sensor interplayed with membrane protein tyrosine kinase-7 (PTK-7) on the CCRF- CEM (CCL-119, T-cell line, human acute lymphoblastic leu- kaemia) cell surface to acquire fluorescence imaging of CCRF-CEM cells. The addition of CCRF-CEM cells resulted in many sensors binding with cells membrane and the displacement of BHQ-1, thus disordering the FRET effect and the intensified fluorescence intensity of FITC. It was found that Ag10NPs largely alleviated the fluorescence intensity of FITC. The results also suggested that the Ag10NPs-based FRET sensor (Ag10-Sgc8-F/Q) was not only predominant to the bare FRET sensor (Sgc8-F/Q) and sensor Ag-Sgc8-F/Q but also highly responsive and par- ticular for CCRF-CEM cells imaging [60]. Appadurai and Rathinasamy developed formulation with improved antimitotic, apoptotic and antiproliferativePDF Image | Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology
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