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activity of plumbagin (PBL) by interacting AgNPs with the anticancer agent PLB, which will further enhance the internalization of PLB. Hence, AgNP could be a promising and potent drug delivery system for enhanced activity of PLB in cancer treatment [61]. Perez-Diaz et al. prepared chitosan gel loaded with AgNPs to check the anti-biofilm capacity and application in chronic wounds with respect to standard silver sulpha- diazine. The results showed that the developed formula- tion could be used for prevention and treatment of infections in chronic wounds as it completely inhibit the formation of biofilm and kill bacteria in established bio- film [62]. Rath et al. explored the wound healing capacity of colla- gen nanofiber mats containing silver nanoparticle. In in vivo study, the wound healing rate of composite nano- fiber mats was found to be higher owing to their intrinsic antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, controlled drug release profile and haemostatic properties compared with plain collagen nanofiber [63]. Vankayala et al. reported that sensitization and formation of singlet O2 is strongly dependent on the morphologies of gold and silver nanostructures. Furthermore, it also demonstrated in-vitro morphology dependent sensitiza- tion behaviour of silver nanoparticles in the photo- dynamic cancer treatment. The results indicated that metal nano particles with certain morphologies were potentially very promising dual functional nano materials with capabilities of simultaneously serving as near infra- red (NIR) activatable photodynamic therapy and photo- thermal therapy reagents for cancer treatments [64]. Acosta-Torres et al. developed silver nanoparticle con- taining acrylic resin and added to PMMA formulation, as a biocompatible nontoxic antifungal agent for den- ture base, which would decrease adherence of most common oral pathogen, i.e. C. albicans. The results demonstrated that PMMA-silver nanoparticles are a suit- able means of producing nontoxic materials with anti- microbial properties for use in dentistry and inhibition of Candida albicans on denture resins that could play a significant role in preventing the development of den- ture stomatitis [65]. Drescher et al. developed a method for quantification of the number of metal nanoparticles at the single-cell level on the basis of matrix-matched calibration wherein the Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spec- trometry (LA-ICP-MS) was utilized for spatially resolved bio imaging of the distribution of silver and gold nano particles in individual fibroblast cells upon different incu- bation experiments. The results provided insight into nano particle/cell interactions and had implications for the development of analytical methods in tissue diagnos- tics and therapeutics [66]. Stevens et al. reported the development of safer central venous catheters (CVC) whose coating contains N-vinyl- pyrrolidone and n-butyl methacrylate wherein silver nanoparticle and heparin were embedded imparting the simultaneous antimicrobial and antithrombogenic action to the CVC [67]. Boca et al. reported the performance of newly synthe- sized chitosan-coated silver nanotriangles (Chit-AgNTs) with strong resonances in near-infrared (NIR) to operate as photothermal agents against a line of human non- small lung cancer cells (NCI-H460). The hyperthermia experiments were conducted by excitation of nanopar- ticles-loaded cells at 800nm wavelength from a Ti:Sapphire laser. The results revealed a novel class of bio- compatible plasmonic nanoparticles with high potential to be implemented as effective phototherapeutic agents in the battle against cancer [68]. Zhang et al. demonstrated that the nanostructures com- prising silver cores and dense layers of Y2O3:Er separated by a silica shell is an excellent model system to study the interaction between upconversion materials and metals in nanoscale. Finally, the nano particles are potentially interesting as fluorescent labels in, for instance (single particle), imaging experiments or bioassays which require low background or tissue penetrating wavelengths [69]. George et al. showed the proficient antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticle-encapsulated cyclodextrin and com- mended the use of the system in future biological and biomedical applications [70]. Lee et al. characterized the transport of single silver nanoparticles into an in vivo model system (zebrafish embryos) and their effects on early embryonic develop- ment at single-nanoparticle resolution in real time was investigated. It was found that single Ag nano particles (5–46nm) were transported into and out of embryos through chorion pore canals (CPCs) and exhibited Brownian diffusion (not active transport), with the diffu- sion coefficient inside the chorionic space (3 109 cm2/ s) $ 26 times lower than that in egg water (7.7 108 cm2/s). In contrast, nano particles that were trapped inside CPCs and the inner mass of the embryos, showed restricted diffusion [71]. Lee et al. investigated the dependence of the sensitivity of the surface plasmon resonance (frequency and band- width) response to changes in their surrounding environ- ment and the relative contribution of optical scattering to the total extinction, on the size and shape of nano rods and the type of metal, that is, Au vs. Ag. On the other hand, a greater enhancement in magnitude and sharpness of the plasmon resonance band was observed in nano rods with higher Ag concentration, which gives better sensing resolution despite similar plasmon response. Furthermore, Ag nano rods had an additional advantage as better scatterers compared with Au nano rods of the same size [72]. Applications Due to unique properties of silver nanoparticles, such as size and shape which depend on optical, electrical and magnetic properties, they are of immense interest and can be sub- sumed into antimicrobial applications, biosensor materials, composite fibres, cryogenic superconducting materials, cos- metic products and electronic components. Nanoparticles have numerous applications in different fields, such as ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY S121PDF Image | Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology
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