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S122 P. MATHUR ET AL. medical imaging, nano-composites, filters, drug delivery and hyperthermia of tumours [73]. (a) Antimicrobial activity of AgNPs AgNPs have been used tremendously as anti-bacterial agents in the health industry, food storage, textile coatings, numer- ous environmental applications, as an antibacterial agent from fumigating medical devices and home appliances to water treatment cotton fibre [74]. Smaller AgNPs have a greater binding surface and show more bactericidal activity when compared to larger AgNPs. The reason for the sensitiv- ity of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria towards AgNP is because of variation in thickness and molecular com- position of the membrane structures. Bactericidal activity is apparently due to alteration in the bacterial cell wall structure as a result of interactions with embedded AgNPs, leading to enhanced membrane permeability and finally death. AgNPs also react with sulphur and phosphorus-rich biomaterials, such as proteins or DNA, or membrane protein, which affect the respiration, division and ultimately survival of cells. Upon entering the bacterial cell wall, silver ions (as part of AgNPs) can enter into cells, leading to the aggregation of damaged DNA and exert effect on protein synthesis [75]. (b) AgNPs in cancer control Since AgNPs can disrupt the mitochondrial respiratory chain, they could be expanded to instigate the reactive oxygen spe- cies (ROS) production, ATP synthesis and finally DNA damage; they can perform well in cancer therapeutics. Sesbania grandi- flora leaf extract mediated AgNPs exhibited cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cancer cells instigating ROS production resulting in oxidative stress and caspase-mediated synthesis with further changes in morphological attributes including hampering of membrane integrity, cell growth reduction, cytoplasmic con- densation, etc. G. mangiferae extracts mediated AgNP synthesis are highly biocompatible with IC50 values of AgNPs were 63.37, 27.54 and 23.84lg/mL against normal African monkey kidney (Vero), HeLa (cervical), and MCF-7 (breast) cells, respectively, should be probed or examined as promising candidates for a variety of biomedical/pharmaceutical and agricultural applica- tions. The alcoholic flower extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis mediated AgNP can be used for molecular imaging and drug delivery and AgNP were slightly toxic to L929 cells even at highest concentration, i.e. 250mg/mL. MCF-7 cells treated with either AgNPs or cisplatin demonstrated decreased Bcl-2 expression and increased Bax expression, pointing out the embroilment of mitochondria in the mechanism of death induced by AgNPs. Rosa indica mediated AgNP synthesis may be used in vast range of therapeutic anticancer application and act as radical scavenger and induce apoptosis in HCT-15 cells and the ROS generation [75]. (c) Antioxidant activity of AgNPs The highest recorded radical scavenging activity is 64.81% at a concentration of 500mg/mL is by AgNP synthesized using leaf extracts of Leptadenia reticulate whose extract bolster dose dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity. The poten- tial of antioxidants to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals is probably due to their capability to donate hydrogen and easily incorporate electrons; the latter is pos- sible due to the presence of host lipophilic radicals. As com- pared to nanoparticles, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of HAuCl4 and AgNO3 was negligible, which may be due to salt conditions or weaker solubility of metal oxides [75]. (d) Antidiabetic activity of AgNPs Tephrosia tinctoria stem extracts mediated AgNP synthesis was evaluated for control of blood sugar levels. AgNPs scav- enged free radicals, reduced the levels of enzymes that bring about the hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates (a-glucosidase and a-amylase), and as a result of which there is an increase in consumption rate of glucose [73]. (e) Different field applications of AgNPs Nanotechnology is rapidly developing nano products and nanoparticles (NPs) that can have peculiar and size-correlated physicochemical properties which are quite different from larger material. These unique characteristics of NPs have been utilized in several possible applications in medicine, cos- metics, biomedical and environmental remediation [76]. The pharmaceutical industry seems to be one of the larg- est beneficiaries of AgNPs; employing these nano materials as antimicrobial and anti-fungal preparations. Silver has been used anciently for burns, wounds and bacterial infections; the utility of AgNP in these treatments is better appreciated in modern context due to growing overwhelming antibiotic resistance in bacteria. AgNPs have been shown to improve efficiency of cancer treatments by increasing effectiveness of drug delivery and producing anti-tumorogenic effects, which display great capability in cancer therapeutics. Studies con- centrating on the therapeutic applications of AgNPs in the gastrointestinal tract have displayed that gastric cells can be sensitized to radiation by the use of AgNP and they may bypass the stomach and instead release the drug in small intestine [75]. As antimicrobial agents silver nanoparticles have been used largely in the health industry, food storage, textile coat- ings and a number of environmental applications. Indigofera aspalathoides extract mediated silver nanoparticles were assessed in wound-healing applications following excision in animal model. Chrysanthemum morifolium extract mediated AgNPs were added to clinical ultrasound gels, which are used with an ultrasound probe, and were found to possess bacteri- cidal activity, aiding to the sterility of the instrument [77]. Toxicity Nanosilver can apparently cause ill effects on humans as well as on the environment is suggested by different studies and reports. From industrial wastes tons of silver are let out into the environment thereby causing toxicity in the environment. Free silver ions have ill or harmful effects on humans and all living beings including permanent bluish-grey discolorationPDF Image | Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology
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