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Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 1044 4 of 19 method. In recent times, bioinspired synthesis of polygonal AgNPs using the ethyl acetate fraction of the alcoholic extract of pomegranate leaves has been reported. The ethyl acetate fraction had a smaller particle size compared to that of the aqueous extract [41]. This suggests that the ethyl acetate fraction had a strong redundant that produced smaller NPs. 2.2. Gold Nanoparticles AuNPs are desired noble MNPs because of their possible usage in diverse fields of science and engineering such as gene expression and therapy, catalysis, optics, nanoelectronics, nanomedicine and disease diagnosis [42]. Increased toxicity concerns over chemical synthesis routes have drawn considerable interest toward green synthesis of AuNPs. Muthukumar et al. [43] biosynthesized AuNPs using the leaf extracts of Carica papaya and Catharanthus roseus. The mixture of both extracts produced predominantly spherical AuNPs and they had increased antibacterial effects compared with the AuNPs synthesized from the individual plant extract. Patra et al. [44] reported the formation of spherical AuNPs with strong antibacterial effects when synergized with rifampicin and kanamycin. Similarly, other researchers confirmed the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using different plant parts such as the stem extract of Cannabis sativa (Indian hemp) [45], fruit extracts of Amomum villosum [46] and leaf and fruit extract of Pistacia atlantica [47]. Hamelian et al. [48] reported the formation of AuNPs from the aqueous extract of thyme. Awad et al. [49] reported the use of Olea europaea fruit extract and Acacia nilotica husk extract mixture as a bioreductant for the synthesis of AuNPs, which showed a significant antibacterial effect against K. pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas spp. As reported by Kumar et al. [50], Croton caudatus Geisel leaf extract was able to reduce chloroauric acid in twenty-five minutes to form stable and spherical AuNPs. The formation of gold nanowires was reported from the pulp extract of Beta vulgaris. The mechanism for the formation of the nanowires was by Brownian motion; small NPs dissolved in the solution, grew to larger ones and joined together via Brownian motion to form wire-like structures [51]. Very recently, Akintelu et al. [52] reported the synthesis of spherical and stable gold nanoparticles using pulp of Garcina kola at pH 7. Similarly, Wongyai et al. [53] studied the biosynthesis of AuNPs using the aqueous extract of Cryptolepis buchanani Roem to produce highly stable, small-sized AuNPs with a uniform spherical shape at pH 7. The stability confirmed by the zeta potential analysis was −30.28 mV. 2.3. Ag-Au Bimetallic Nanoparticles Bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) technically excel their mono metallic counterparts due to their improved electronic, optical and catalytic properties [54]. Aside from the morphological manipulations, the variations in the molar ratio of different components offers a diverse dimension in adapting the properties of BMNPs [54,55]. BMNPs, comes in various forms such as an alloy, core–shell and contact aggregate (dumbbell or bamboo-like). This is seen in the surface plasmon resonance peak either as a single (alloy) or multiple (core–shell/contact aggregate) [56,57] (Figures 2 and 3). Among a wide range of BMNPs, silver and gold nanocompositions have gained significant advancement in drug delivery and nanomedicine [58]. Elemike et al. [57] reported synthesis of the Ag-Au alloy using the aqueous extract of Solidago canadensis. They observed the shape of the alloy to be similar to that of AuNPs alone. This was also confirmed by the higher concentration of Au in the EDX spectra. In a similar manner they also reported the synthesis of a nanoalloy Ag-Au BMNPs using the leaf extract of Stigmaphyllon ovatum [59]. Gopinath et al. [60] employed the use of Gloriosa superba for the synthesis of the Ag-Au nanoalloy. They observed that the BMNPs had a more efficient antibacterial activity effect on Bacillus subtilis than individual NPs. This was proposed to be due to the synergistic effect of the metals. Kumari et al. [61] reported the formation of nanoalloy Ag-Au BMNPs by using the juice of pomegranate seeds as a bioreductant. Recent studies by Emma [62] reported the production of nanoalloy Ag-Au BMNPs using a green approach by Arabic gum. It was observed that increasing the reaction temperature from 25 to 70 ◦C resulted in a well dispersed and smaller bimetallic NPs, which led to a size reduction from 6.5 to 3.1 nm. In another recent development, Gupta et al. [63] usedPDF Image | Bactericidal Antibacterial Mechanism of Plant Nanoparticles
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