Bactericidal Antibacterial Mechanism of Plant Nanoparticles

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tree/Aqueous dissolution arabinogalact-an– 25 25 Niazimicin, Ag-Au Ag-Au 11–25 nm 11–25 nm [63] [63] 5 of 19 Moringa oleifera Moringa oleifera rhamnosyloxy) Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 1044 glucopyranoside Leaves/Aqueous extraction at 80 °C for 15 min Leaves/Aqueous extraction at 80 °C for 15 min protein complex Spheres Triangles Hexagonal Spheres Triangles Hexagonal 4-(α-L- benzyl 4-(α-L- isothiocyanate, β- rhamnosyloxy) sitosterol-3-O-β-D- benzyl isothiocyanate, β- *** Not available. sitosterol-3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera for the biofabrication of the stable Ag-Au nanoalloy with a zeta potential of −36.7 mV. Figure 2. Schematic illustration of three mixing patterns in zero-dimensional bimetallic nanomaterials: (A) core–shell, (B) dumbbell and (C) alloyed (adapted with permission from [56], Figure 2. Schematic illustration of three mixing patterns in zero-dimensional bimetallic nanomaterials: Elsevier, 2013). Figure 2. Schematic illustration of three mixing patterns in zero-dimensional bimetallic (A) core–shell, (B) dumbbell and (C) alloyed (adapted with permission from [56], Elsevier, 2013). nanomaterials: (A) core–shell, (B) dumbbell and (C) alloyed (adapted with permission from [56], Elsevier, 2013). Figure 3. Schematic illustration of three mixing patterns in one-dimensional bimetallic NMs: Figure 3. Schematic illustration of three mixing patterns in one-dimensional bimetallic NMs: (A) core– (A) core–shell (B) alloyed and (C) bamboo-like (adapted with permission from [56], Elsevier, 2013). shell (B) alloyed and (C) bamboo-like (adapted with permission from [56], Elsevier, 2013). Figure 3. Schematic illustration of three mixing patterns in one-dimensional bimetallic NMs: (A) core– *** Not available. 3. Bacterial Resistance and Mutations Table 1. Biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs). shell (B) alloyed and (C) bamboo-like (adapted with permission from [56], Elsevier, 2013). Antimicrobial resistance is a natural, intrinsic phenomenon, which can also be acquired or Size Biogenic Bioactive 3. BaSc/tNerial ResisStamnpcle and Mutastoiuorcnes/Extraction NPs Shape Ref. transferred in an effort to escape the actions of antimicrobial agents. Bacterial species have capabilities Method to resist or reduce the effect of antibiotic due to their natural inherent functional or structural features. [64,65]. The evolution of drug resistance occurs in a minimum of three phases namely, acquisition, transferred in an effort to escape the actions of antimicrobial agents. Bacterial species have capabilities 1 Coffea arabica Ethanolic Phenolics Ag 20–30 nm and [34] Extraction at 60 ◦C for expression and selection for microbes expressing those resistance genes. Foremost, bacteria gain to resist or reduce the effect of antibiotic due to their natural inherent functional or structural features. 1h [64,65]. The evolution of drug resistance occurs in a minimum of three phases namely, acquisition, Compound (nm) Antimicrobial resistance is a natural, intrinsic phenomenon, which can also be acquired or Seed/ Spheres ellipsoidal Leaf/Aqueous 2 Olive tree extraction by boiling Oleuropein Ag 20–25 nm Spheres [35] expression and selection for microbes expressing those resistance genes. Foremost, bacteria gain 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ocimum sanctum and quercetin Origanum vulgare Tagetes erecta (Marigold) Combretum erythropyllum Mentha aquatica Punica granatum for 10 min Leaf/Aqueous extraction at 60 ◦C for 10 min Leaf/Aqueous extraction by reflux by for 4 h Flower/Aqueous extraction for 10 min Leaf/Aqueous extraction at 90 ◦C for 1h Leaf/Aqueous extraction by sonication Leaf/Ethanolic extraction for 48 h at room temperature Quercetin Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids Flavonoids, saponins Flavonoids Polyphenols, flavonoids Polyphenols, flavonoids 14.6 nm Ag and 11.35 nm Ag 2–25 Ag 46.11 nm Ag 5–26 nm 8 nm Ag 20–40 nm Spheres [36] Spherical [38] Spheres [39] Spherical [18] Spheres [40] Polygonal [41]

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