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Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 1044 14 of 19 make their exposure to bacteria cells effective and this is promising to combat antibiotic resistance. The production of ROS, cell wall penetration, DNA damage and metabolite binding are mechanisms evasive to bacteria’s defense systems. Most research in the biosynthesis of MNPs uses the whole plant extracts as a bioreductant and stabilizer. However, identification of the pure biomolecule or compound responsible will help optimize the synthesis and its antibacterial application. This will provide an opportunity to understand the bactericidal mechanism of MNPs at the molecular level. To address the emerging number of multiple-drug resistant bacterial strains, more clinical strains should be tested rather than evaluation of traditional strains from microbial collections. Relentless efforts from researchers in advancing NPs synthesis and its applications have offered the possibility to future alternatives in biomedical applications, pharmaceutical, theragnostic and therapeutics. Aside from this, the studies showed that MNPs have a potential to be the choice solution in antibacterial applications in the near future. Funding: The authors would like to thank National Research Foundation (N.R.F) South Africa under the free standing grant (Grant no: 112867), Competitive Program for Rated Researchers (Grant no: 106060), University of Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Science Research Committee, and University research Committee, South Africa for financial support. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Morones, J.R.; Elechiguerra, J.L.; Camacho, A.; Holt, K.; Kouri, J.B.; Ramírez, J.T.; Yacaman, M.J. The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2005, 16, 2346–2353. [CrossRef] 2. WHO. Antimicrobial Resistance. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ antimicrobial-resistance (accessed on 16 September 2020). 3. WHO. WHO Publishes List of Bacteria for Which New Antibiotics Are Urgently Needed; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. 4. Shrivastava, S.R.; Shrivastava, P.S.; Ramasamy, J. World health organization releases global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery, and development of new antibiotics. J. Med. Soc. 2018, 32, 76. [CrossRef] 5. Guo, Z.; Chen, Y.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, H.; Wang, X. Advances and challenges in metallic nanomaterial synthesis and antibacterial applications. J. Mater. Chem. B 2020, 8, 4764–4777. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 6. Årdal, C.; Balasegaram, M.; Laxminarayan, R.; McAdams, D.; Outterson, K.; Rex, J.H.; Sumpradit, N. Antibiotic development—Economic, regulatory and societal challenges. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2020, 18, 267–274. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 7. Pelgrift, R.Y.; Friedman, A.J. Nanotechnology as a therapeutic tool to combat microbial resistance. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2013, 65, 1803–1815. [CrossRef] 8. Holm, V.R.A.; Greve, M.M.; Holst, B. A theoretical investigation of the optical properties of metal nanoparticles in water for photo thermal conversion enhancement. Energy Convers. Manag. 2017, 149, 536–542. [CrossRef] 9. Srinoi, P.; Chen, Y.T.; Vittur, V.; Marquez, M.D.; Lee, T.R. Bimetallic nanoparticles: Enhanced magnetic and optical properties for emerging biological applications. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1106. [CrossRef] 10. Yuan, P.; Ding, X.; Yang, Y.Y.; Xu, Q.H. Metal Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Therapy of Bacterial Infection. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2018, 7, 1701392. [CrossRef] 11. Khan, S.A. Metal nanoparticles toxicity: Role of physicochemical aspects. In Metal Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Diagnostic Applications; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020. 12. Torres-Sangiao, E.; Holban, A.M.; Gestal, M.C. Advanced nanobiomaterials: Vaccines, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Molecules 2016, 21, 867. [CrossRef] 13. Rai, M.; Ingle, A.P.; Birla, S.; Yadav, A.; Santos, C.A. Dos Strategic role of selected noble metal nanoparticles in medicine. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2016, 42, 696–719. 14. Tang, S.; Zheng, J. Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles: Structural Effects. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2018, 7, 1701503. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 15. Hong, X.; Wen, J.; Xiong, X.; Hu, Y. Shape effect on the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized via a microwave-assisted method. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2016, 23, 4489–4497. [CrossRef] [PubMed]PDF Image | Bactericidal Antibacterial Mechanism of Plant Nanoparticles
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