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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 10 samples. However, this antibacterial study showed an inverse relationship between the silver Nanoamnaoteprialrsti2c0l2e0,s1i0z,e87a4nd the antibacterial activity (Figure 4). These observations align with previo6uosf 10 studies where decreased particle size increased the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles [23–26]. Figure 4. Treatment (plasma exposure time) time curves for (a) E. coli and (c) S. aureus. Example Figure 4. Treatment (plasma exposure time) time curves for (a) E. coli and (c) S. aureus. Example optical optical image of E. coli clearance zones (b) and S. aureus (d) on agar plates with different silver image of E. coli clearance zones (b) and S. aureus (d) on agar plates with different silver nanoparticle nanoparticle samples under visible light. samples under visible light. Silver nanoparticles are capable of increasing concentrations of reactive oxygen species and Silver nanoparticles are capable of increasing concentrations of reactive oxygen species and decreasing reactive nitrogen species, which cause oxidative stress in bacteria [27,28]. Anti‐fungal and decreasing reactive nitrogen species, which cause oxidative stress in bacteria [27,28]. Anti-fungal and anti‐viral activities are also reported for silver nanoparticles [29]. The attachment of nanoparticles to anti-viral activities are also reported for silver nanoparticles [29]. The attachment of nanoparticles to the cell wall and cell membranes damages the cell wall and internal structures and causes changes to the cell wall and cell membranes damages the cell wall and internal structures and causes changes biochemical pathways. Properties of the nanoparticles, such as size, shape, surface coating and to biochemical pathways. Properties of the nanoparticles, such as size, shape, surface coating and surface charge, also affect the antibacterial activity [30]. S. aureus inhibition by silver nanoparticles surface charge, also affect the antibacterial activity [30]. S. aureus inhibition by silver nanoparticles has has been reported to occur through cell wall damage [31]. For E. coli, a variety of toxic effects have been reported to occur through cell wall damage [31]. For E. coli, a variety of toxic effects have been been reported upon exposure to silver nanoparticles, including respiratory inhibition, plasma reported upon exposure to silver nanoparticles, including respiratory inhibition, plasma membrane membrane depolarisation, the leakage of intercellular potassium ions, and metabolic activity depolarisation, the leakage of intercellular potassium ions, and metabolic activity inhibition [32]. inhibition [32]. 3.3. Mechanism of Nanoparticle Formation 3.3. Mechanism of Nanoparticle Formation The mechanism of nanoparticle formation is related to the species generated by the plasma and The mechanism of nanoparticle formation is related to the species generated by the plasma and is illustrated in Figure 5 (right). The chemical reactions taking place during the experiment occur in is illustrated in Figure 5 (right). The chemical reactions taking place during the experiment occur in three different regions. These are the plasma region, plasma–liquid interface and liquid region. Species three different regions. These are the plasma region, plasma–liquid interface and liquid region. present in the plasma are excited atoms, ions, electrons and UV photons. In this experiment, Ar DBD Species present in the plasma are excited atoms, ions, electrons and UV photons. In this experiment, has been used and, hence, the main energy carriers for the generation of reactive species are excited Ar Ar DBD has been used and, hence, the main energy carriers for the generation of reactive species are atoms and few nitrogen species. The origin of nitrogen species may be due to the dissolved nitrogen in excited Ar atoms and few nitrogen species. The origin of nitrogen species may be due to the dissolved the solution or impurities of the gas. Species such as OH, O , and H O can also be generated due to nitrogen in the solution or impurities of the gas. Species 3such as 2OH2, O3, and H2O2 can also be thegepnrersaetnecdedoufewtoatheerpvraepseonucreforofwmatherevaqpuoeuorufrsopmrethcuerasqouresooulsuptiroencu.rOsoprtsicoalulteiomni.sOsipotnicsaplemctirsossioconpy (OEspSe)cmtreoascsoupreym(OenEtSs)wmeereaspuerrefmoremntesdwtoeriedpenertiffoyrmthedstpoecidiesnitnifythteheplsapsemciaesdisnchthaergpel.asTmhais dainsachlyasregse.the ligThhtiesmainsasliyosnesftrhoemligthetceomnistsitounesnftrsoomfthepcolansmtitau,esnutcshofasthneepultarsamloar,siounchiseadsngeaustaratolmorsi,ofnreiseerdagdaicsals andatomthse,rfmreeolreacduilceasl.s Faingduroeth5e(rlemfto) lsehcouwles. tFhieguemreis5s(iolenft)spsehcotwras othf ethempilsassiomnas, pwehctircah oisf dthoempilnaastmeda, by 2222 whichisdominatedbyargonbands.Thehydroxylband(A ΣtoX Π,0‐0,1‐1,2‐2),at309nm[33], argonbands. Thehydroxylband(A ΣtoX Π,0-0,1-1,2-2),at309nm[33],canbeidentifiedand would originate due to the dissociation of water. The second positive system emission of N2 (C3Πμ to B3Πg) can be seen in low intensity at 337, 357 and 380 nm. The nitrogen lines may occur due to the dissolved nitrogen in the aqueous precursor solution. Moreover, oxygen emission lines can be foundPDF Image | Bactericidal Silver Nanoparticles by Plasma Processing
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