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Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 681 3 of 24 Nanomaterials 2018, 8, 681 3 of 25 wound dressing, tissue scaffold, and protective clothing applications [50,51]. Some essential aspects related to the specific antimicrobial characteristics of AgNPs implies their intrinsic physical and tochtehmeiscpaelcpifircopaenrttiimesi,crwobhiiaclhchinacrlaucdterimstiacisntoafinAinggNPthseimnpalnieosctahleirsinzetrionfsiAcgpNhyPsi,caimlapnrdovcihnegmtihcaeilr pdroispeerrtsieiosn,whanicdhinstcalbuidlietym,aiantdainainvgoitdhiennganaogsgcraelgeastiizoenof[A52g]N.PTsh,eimrepraorveingmtahneyirdsitsupdeiressionwahnidch steaxbpielirtiym, aendtaallvyoipdrionvgeadggthreagtatthioena[n5t2i-]p. TatheorgeeanreicmaactniyvisttyudofieAs wgNhiPcshiesxbpetrtiemretnhtanllythpartoevxehdibthitaetdthbey asnitliv-epratiohnosge[5n3ic].activity of AgNPs is better than that exhibited by silver ions [53]. AAmmaajojorrcoconncceernrnoof fththeewwoorlrdldwwidideehheeaaltlhthccaarree ssyysstetem isisrereppreresesennteteddbbyyththeeaalalarmrmininggaanndd eemeergrgininggpphheennoomeennoonnoof fppaaththooggeennicicddrurugg-r-eresissitsatannt toocccuurrerennccee. .TThheerreefoforere, ,AAggNPPssrereppreresseennt tppootetennt t ccaannddididaatetessfoforrththeennaannootetechchnnoolologgyy-d-deerriviveeddddeevveeloloppmeenntt ooffnnoovveellaannddeeffefectcitviveebbioiococommppaatitbiblele nnaannoostsrtuructcuturerdedmamteartiearlisalfsorfuonrcounvceontvioenatiloannatlimainctriombiacrloabpipalicaptipolnisca[t5i4o]n.sTh[a5n4]k.s Ttohtahnekirs intotrinthseicir birnotardinsbiaccbtreoriacdidbaalceteffreicitdsaelxehffiebcitesdexahgibaintesdt abgoathinsGtrbaomth-nGergamtiv-neeagnatdivGe raanmd-Gporasmiti-vpeosbiaticvterbiacatenrdia thaenidrptheyisricpohcyhseimcoichalempriocpalerptireosp,eArtgiNesP,sAagrNeoPnseaoreftohneemoofsthuesemdomstetuaslelidcnmaentoapllaicrtincalensoipnarmtiocdleesrnin amntoimdeicrnrobaniatlimapicprloibcaiatiloanpsp[l5i5ca].tioDnisffe[5re5n].t Dstiuffdeiresntresptourdtieeds trheaptoArtegdNPthsaitnAtegraNcPt swinthtetrhaectbwacitehritahle mbeamctberiaanlemanemd bpreanneetrantedthpenceltlr,attheutshpercoedlul,ctihnugsapdrroadstuicidnigstaurdbraanscteicrdegisatrudribnagnpcerorpeegracredlilnfgunpcrtoiopne,r sctreullcftunracltidoanm,satrguec,taunradlcdealmldaegaet,han[5d6]c.elWldeeiantchlu[5d6e]d.WineFinigculurede1ddiinstFinigcutirvee1mdeiscthinacntisvmesmdeechscarnibisemds dduersincrgibthede idnuterirnagctitohne ionftAergaNctPiosnwoifthAbgaNcPtesriwalitchelblsac[t5e7r]i.al cells [57]. Figure 1. Various modes of action of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on bacteria [57]. Figure 1. Various modes of action of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on bacteria [57]. Currently, it is shown that AgNPs can be successfully used to design and develop improved Currently, it is shown that AgNPs can be successfully used to design and develop improved wound and burn dressings, thanks to the intrinsic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of sole wound and burn dressings, thanks to the intrinsic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of metallic nanoparticles [58]. Given the mutation-resistant antimicrobial activity related to sole metallic nanoparticles [58]. Given the mutation-resistant antimicrobial activity related to nanosilver-based biomaterials, AgNPs are used in various pharmaceutical formulations as burn nanosilver-based biomaterials, AgNPs are used in various pharmaceutical formulations as burn ointments, antibacterial clothing, and coatings for medical devices [59]. Different studies proved that ointments, antibacterial clothing, and coatings for medical devices [59]. Different studies proved that the stabilization of AgNPs against dissolution and/or agglomeration can be achieved by using the stabilization of AgNPs against dissolution and/or agglomeration can be achieved by using various various capping agents, such as sodium citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), or polyethylene glycol capping agents, such as sodium citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), or polyethylene glycol (PEG) [60]. (PEG) [60]. The stability of AgNPs was previously investigated, where the reported data indicated The stability of AgNPs was previously investigated, where the reported data indicated that their that their stability actively influences their toxicity [60]. stability actively influences their toxicity [60]. The most important physicochemical parameters that affect the antimicrobial effects exhibited The most important physicochemical parameters that affect the antimicrobial effects exhibited by by AgNPs include size [61], shape [62], concentration [63], surface charge [64], and colloidal state AgNPs include size [61], shape [62], concentration [63], surface charge [64], and colloidal state [65]. [65]. As mentioned before, AgNPs display their intrinsic enhanced antimicrobial activity through As mentioned before, AgNPs display their intrinsic enhanced antimicrobial activity through various various mechanisms [66]. mechanisms [66]. It is also worth mentioning that the AgNP-based treatment of human cell cultures may induce It is also worth mentioning that the AgNP-based treatment of human cell cultures may induce cytotoxicity [67], inflammatory responses in a cell-type-dependent manner, and genotoxicity [66]. cytotoxicity [67], inflammatory responses in a cell-type-dependent manner, and genotoxicity [66]. Thanks to their intrinsic capacity to provide stimuli-dependent responses through the specific Thanks to their intrinsic capacity to provide stimuli-dependent responses through the specific modification of their optical properties, chemical environments, high molar absorptivity [68], and modification of their optical properties, chemical environments, high molar absorptivity [68], and thePDF Image | Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles
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