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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1042 6 of 20 Nanomaterials 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 20 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 (a) (b) (c) AgNPs Pigment AgNO3 300 400 500 Wavelength (nm) 600 700 800 Figure 1. UV-Vis spectrum for AgNPs production using extracellular pigment of T. purpurogenus Figure 1. UV-Vis spectrum for AgNPs production using extracellular pigment of T. purpurogenus (samples were diluted 30 times for analysis). Inset: (a) Pigment, (b) Reaction mixture after synthesis, (samples were diluted 30 times for analysis). Inset: (a) Pigment, (b) Reaction mixture after synthesis, (c) Synthesized AgNPs diluted 30 times. (c) Synthesized AgNPs diluted 30 times. 3.2. Optimization of Nanoparticle Production 3.2. Optimization of Nanoparticle Production 3.2.1. Effect of Precursor Concentration 3.2.1. Effect of Precursor Concentration Precursor concentration plays an important role in the reduction process because it can be Precursor concentration plays an important role in the reduction process because it can be one one of the limiting factors in nanoparticle synthesis. Since a pigment concentration of 0.5 g/L was of the limiting factors in nanoparticle synthesis. Since a pigment concentration of 0.5 g/L was consistently used in this study, the amount of precursor that could be reduced to nanoparticles and consistently used in this study, the amount of precursor that could be reduced to nanoparticles and stabilized by the pigment had to be optimized. The AgNO3 concentration was varied from 2 mM stabilized by the pigment had to be optimized. The AgNO3 concentration was varied from 2 mM to to 20 mM. Although change in SPR due to increase in particle size could be discerned in an AgNO3 20 mM. Although change in SPR due to increase in particle size could be discerned in an AgNO3 concentration-dependent manner (Inset in Figure 2), UV-visible spectrum of AgNPs prepared with concentration-dependent manner (Inset in Figure 2), UV-visible spectrum of AgNPs prepared with different precursor concentrations showed that the AgNPs production increased steadily till 8 mM different precursor concentrations showed that the AgNPs production increased steadily till 8 mM and started reducing from 10 mM (Figure 2, Table 1). This suggests that at precursor concentrations and started reducing from 10 mM (Figure 2, Table 1). This suggests that at precursor concentrations below 8 mM, the 0.5 g/L pigment reduced the precursor entirely to AgNPs, but at higher precursor below 8 mM, the 0.5 g/L pigment reduced the precursor entirely to AgNPs, but at higher precursor concentrations, AgNO3 was not completely reduced by the pigment, leading to the generation of concentrations, AgNO3 was not completely reduced by the pigment, leading to the generation of larger sizes of AgNPs due to the aggregation of AgNPs with unreacted AgNO3. Moreover, the AgNP larger sizes of AgNPs due to the aggregation of AgNPs with unreacted AgNO3. Moreover, the AgNP suspensions generated from 8 mM onwards were not found to be stable during storage. Since the suspensions generated from 8 mM onwards were not found to be stable during storage. Since the reduction ability of pigment was intact till 8 mM, the aggregation could have occurred due to a lack of reduction ability of pigment was intact till 8 mM, the aggregation could have occurred due to a lack stabilizing agents with respect to the number of particles being produced. Possibly, stabilizers such as of stabilizing agents with respect to the number of particles being produced. Possibly, stabilizers surfactants like cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) could be introduced at higher precursor such as surfactants like cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) could be introduced at higher concentrations to further improve the stability and yield of the process. A positively-charged surfactant precursor concentrations to further improve the stability and yield of the process. A such as CTAB can create a micelle cluster in the vicinity of negatively-charged AgNPs, averting their positively-charged surfactant such as CTAB can create a micelle cluster in the vicinity of aggregation [31]. In comparison with other precursor concentrations, the FWHM values increased negatively-charged AgNPs, averting their aggregation [31]. In comparison with other precursor considerably at 10 mM, 15 mM and 20 mM, indicating an increase in size polydispersity of the product. concentrations, the FWHM values increased considerably at 10 mM, 15 mM and 20 mM, indicating To reconcile high yield, small particle size, and stability, therefore, 6 mM AgNO3 together with 0.5 g/L an increase in size polydispersity of the product. To reconcile high yield, small particle size, and pigment was chosen to be optimal for AgNPs production. The yield at 6 mM concentration was lesser stability, therefore, 6 mM AgNO3 together with 0.5 g/L pigment was chosen to be optimal for AgNPs than that at 8 mM concentration, but the final product generated was more stable and could be stored production. The yield at 6 mM concentration was lesser than that at 8 mM concentration, but the for a longer period of time without the risk of aggregation. final product generated was more stable and could be stored for a longer period of time without the risk of aggregation. AbsorbancePDF Image | Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Talaromyces purpurogenus
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