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is evident from cell morphology at concentrations of 31.25 μg/mL and 12.5 μg/mL for 5-FU and AgNPs, respectively. At a mid-level dosage of 125 μg/mL for 5-FU, although the cell growth seems less dense compared to the control, the cells are still alive; however, for 50 μg/mL of AgNPs dosage, the cells are dead. This can be corroborated with the cell survival values shown in the curve. The images clearly depict the effect of 5-FU and AgNPs on the HepG2 cell line in a dose-dependent Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1042 15 of 20 manner. Coupled with the selectivity shown against HEK-293, the results suggest that AgNPs might have a window of opportunity to selectively act against cancer cell lines. 120 80 40 0 (b) 0123 AgNPs conc. log10 (μg/mL) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Control AgNPs Dosage (μg/mL) 25 50 100 200 (a) HEK-293 HeLa HepG2 120 80 40 0 0123 5-FU conc. log10 (μg/mL) (c) Figure 11. (a) Anticancer activity of biofunctionalized AgNPs against various cell lines. (b) Effect Figure 11. (a) Anticancer activity of biofunctionalized AgNPs against various cell lines. (b) Effect of of AgNPs on HepG2 cell line. (c) Effect of 5-FU on HepG2 cell line. Error bars represent standard AgNPs on HepG2 cell line. (c) Effect of 5-FU on HepG2 cell line. Error bars represent standard deviation (n = 3). deviation (n = 3). A four-parameter logistic model curve was plotted using the data obtained after exposing the HepG2 cell lines to various dosages of 5-FU and AgNPs. This curve is useful for biological models such as dose-response and receptor–ligand binding assays. The curve was used to calculate the values of the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), which refers to the concentration of the drug required for 50% cell death. The IC50 value of AgNPs (~11.1 μg/mL) was found to be lower than that of 5-FU (154.88 μg/mL), thereby indicating that AgNPs demonstrated a much stronger action against HepG2 cells compared to 5-FU (Figure 11b,c). Figure 12 shows the changes in cell morphology. At high concentrations of 5-FU, almost all the cells are dead, spherical and floating, as compared to the control where the cells are attached to the surface. In the case of AgNPs, the dead cells appear damaged by AgNPs as they exhibit an irregular shape and are clumped together. This might be due to the difference in the mode of action of the two samples. 5-FU mainly acts as a thymidylate synthase inhibitor that interrupts the DNA replication. In contrast, AgNPs seem to have interacted with the cell membrane, causing disruption apart from its other modes of action. As the dosage of both 5-FU and AgNPs is decreased, the cells exhibit a comparably healthier growth which is evident from cell morphology at concentrations of 31.25 μg/mL and 12.5 μg/mL for 5-FU and AgNPs, respectively. At a mid-level dosage of 125 μg/mL for 5-FU, although the cell growth seems less dense compared to the control, the cells are still alive; however, for 50 μg/mL of AgNPs dosage, the cells are dead. This can be corroborated with the cell survival values shown in the curve. The images clearly depict the effect of 5-FU and AgNPs on the HepG2 cell line in a dose-dependent manner. Coupled with the selectivity shown against HEK-293, the results suggest that AgNPs might have a window of opportunity to selectively act against cancer cell lines. Cell survival (%) Cell survival (%) Cell survival (%)PDF Image | Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Talaromyces purpurogenus
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