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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 454 6 of 13 image of the GO membrane (Figure 4e) shows its layered structure. The cross-sectional SEM image of the three types of GO/AgNP composite membranes are shown in Figure 4f–h. The GO layers are tightly locked between AgNPs, and there are more wrinkles observed in the cross section of all three types of GO/AgNP composite membranes compared to the GO membrane. These additional features provide more nanochannels for water permeation, as discussed below. Figure 4. The top view SEM image of (a) GO membrane, (b) GO-8 composite membrane, (c) GO-20 Figure 4. The top view SEM image of (a) GO membrane, (b) GO-8 composite membrane, (c) GO-20 composite membrane, and (d) GO-33 composite membrane; the cross-sectional SEM image of (e) composite membrane, and (d) GO-33 composite membrane; the cross-sectional SEM image of GO membrane, (f) GO-8 composite membrane, (g) GO-20 composite membrane, and (h) GO-33 (e) GO membrane, (f) GO-8 composite membrane, (g) GO-20 composite membrane, and (h) GO-33 Figure 5. The root-mean-square surface roughness, Rq,, of GO,, GO-8,, GO-20 and GO-33 were 115 nm,, q 39 nm, 25.5 nm, and 15.2 nm, respectively.. The arithmetic mean height difffference, Ra, of GO, GO-8 a GO-20, and GO-33 was 92.5 nm, 30.8 nm, 19.5 nm, and 11.1 nm, respectively. The roughness of the four types of membranes decreases with an increasing size of AgNPs, due to AgNPs fifilling in the wrinkles and defects of GO sheets. When the size of AgNPs increased, the defects of the GO sheet became narrower, which decreased the surface roughness. Fiigure 6 is water contact angle of four types of membrane. Thiis shows thatt the water contact angle enhanced after AgNPs modiffiication, which indicates the composite membrane is more hydrophobiic.. Thiis is because the decrease in + oxygen-containingfunctiionallgroupsswhiicharehydrrophiilliicc,,dueettoAg combiningwiththesegroups infabriicattiionooffGGOO/A/AggNNPPsscocmompopsoisteit(eS(cShcehmeme1e).1W).itWhitthhetshizeesoizfeAogfNAPsgNinPcrseianscinrega,stihnegr,etahrerme oare hydrophilic groups combining with Ag+. This benefits water molecules flowing, and shows the composite membrane has better performance in terms of permeation ability. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 14 composite membrane. composite membrane. The surface roughness of four types of GO membranes were characterized by AFM, as shown inPDF Image | Graphene Oxide Nanofiltration Membranes Silver Nanoparticles
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