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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 454 8 of 13 Nanomaterials 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 14 of the four types membranes is 99.97%, 91.27%, 97.73%, and 95.61%, which increase by 0.12%, 13.36%, 11.86%, and 11.45%. The influence of the size of AgNP on rejection was also investigated. The rejection investigated. The rejection of GO-8 is lower than that of GO at same thickness. However, GO-20 has ofhGigOh-e8risreljoewcteiornthcaonmtpharteodftGoOGOat-8s.aWmehethnicthkenesiszse. HofoAwgeNvePrs, GisO33-2n0mh,atshheigrehjecrtrioejnecdteiocnrecaosems,pbauretdisto GOst-i8ll. hWighenr thaensitzheatoof fAGgON-P8.s is 33 nm, the rejection decreases, but is still higher than that of GO-8. FigFuigruer7e.7(.a()aT)hTehewwataetrerflfuluxxppeerrfoforrmaance,,and(b)therejectionoffRhhBB(2(200mgg/L/L))ooffGGOO, G,GOO-8-,8G,OG-O20-2,0, GOG-O33-3m3emmembrbarnaense.s. The size sieving effect is purported to be the dominant separation mechanism of nanofiltration The size sieving effect is purported to be the dominant separation mechanism of nanofiltration memebmrbanraense[s2[32]3.]M.Mieitetala.l.pprrooppoosseedttuniingtheinterlayerspaciingbyiinnsseerrtitoionnooffchchememiciaclaflufnucntciotinoanlal groguropusp, sp,oploylmymeresr,s,oorrnnaanoparticles, toacchhieievveeseslelcetcivtievesespeaprartiaotnio[n31[–3312,3].2T].heTrhefeorreef,otrher,etehtryepeetsyopfes of different sized GO/AgNP composite membranes were successfully fabricated to investigate the different sized GO/AgNP composite membranes were successfully fabricated to investigate the size size effect of inserted nanoparticles on nanofiltration performance. The water flux is supposed to effect of inserted nanoparticles on nanofiltration performance. The water flux is supposed to increase increase while the rejection decreases upon addition of larger sized AgNPs, which enlarge the interlayer while the rejection decreases upon addition of larger sized AgNPs, which enlarge the interlayer spsapcaincginogfoGfOGOshsehetest.sH.Hoowweevveer,r,ththeerreessullttwasnotexactlyasexpectted..BBeessididesesinintetrelralyaiynigngspsapcaincign,g, wewceocnocnlucdluedtehtahtadtedfefcetcstsininththeeGGOOnnaannoossheeettshouldalsoberegardedassaaccrruucciaiallfafactcotorrinifnlufleunecnicnigng thethneanaonfiolftirlatrtaiotinonpeprefrofromrmananceceoof fGGOOmeembbrraanee.. Scheme 2 shows a schematic of the proposed separation mechanism of GO/AgNP composite Scheme 2 shows a schematic of the proposed separation mechanism of GO/AgNP composite membranes. Water molecules and RhB molecules pass through the defects first, and then RhB membranes. Water molecules and RhB molecules pass through the defects first, and then RhB molecules are blocked by the nanochannels between GO sheets while water molecules can permeate molecules are blocked by the nanochannels between GO sheets while water molecules can permeate the membrane. Larger-sized s enlarge the interlayer spacing (d3 > d2 > d1), but decrease the defect size the membrane. Larger-sized s enlarge the interlayer spacing (d3 > d2 > d1), but decrease the defect size (d’3 < d’ 2 < d’1), as demonstrated by AFM roughness measurements. When the size of AgNPs is 8 nm, (d’3 < d’2 < d’1), as demonstrated by AFM roughness measurements. When the size of AgNPs is 8 nm, the spacing between GO sheets is larger than that of GO membrane, however the the defect size is not the spacing between GO sheets is larger than that of GO membrane, however the the defect size is substantially altered. Therefore, GO-8 has higher water flux and lower rejection than GO. When the not substantially altered. Therefore, GO-8 has higher water flux and lower rejection than GO. When size of AgNP increases to 20 nm, the interlayer spacing continues to enlarge, while the defects become the size of AgNP increases to 20 nm, the interlayer spacing continues to enlarge, while the defects narrower. Both water flux and rejection of GO-20 are higher than GO-8. Because water molecules are become narrower. Both water flux and rejection of GO-20 are higher than GO-8. Because water much smaller than RhB molecules, the narrower defects can selectively reject RhB molecules with larger molecules are much smaller than RhB molecules, the narrower defects can selectively reject RhB interlayer spacing increasing water flux. However, the water flux of GO-33 start declines compared to molecules with larger interlayer spacing increasing water flux. However, the water flux of GO-33 thestoatrhtedremclienmesbcraonmeps,arbedcatuosteheofother33mnembAragnNePs,sbseicganuifisecaonfttlhyen3a3rrnomwAthgeNdPesfescigtsn,itfhicearnetbly rneadrruocwing thethweadtefreflctusx,.thTehrebryejreecdtiuocninogfGthOe-w33ataelrsofludxe.cTrehaesersejdecuteiotnoothfeGlOar-g33erailnsotedrleacyrerasepsadciunegt,ocothmeplaregderto theinGteOrl-a2y0ercosmpapcoinsgit,ecmomempabrreadnteo. the GO-20 composite membrane. Figure 8 shows the BJH adsorption pore distribution spectra of four types of GO membranes. Figure 8 shows the BJH adsorption pore distribution spectra of four types of GO membranes. The BET surface area of them was 8.9816 m2/g, 18.928 m2/g, 26.5457 m2/g, and 2.3405, respectively. The BET surface area of them was 8.9816 m2/g, 18.928 m2/g, 26.5457 m2/g, and 2.3405, respectively. The AgNPs loaded on GO increased the surface area of the membrane. However, the surface area The AgNPs loaded on GO increased the surface area of the membrane. However, the surface area of of GO-33 is smaller than that of GO. The pore width of them was 4.9386 nm, 4.6173 nm, 4.7303 nm, GO-33 is smaller than that of GO. The pore width of them was 4.9386 nm, 4.6173 nm, 4.7303 nm, and and 6.6469 nm, respectively; pore volume of them was 0.008756 cm2/g, 0.01912 m2/g, 0.03046 m2/g, 6.6469 nm, respectively; pore volume of them was 0.008756 cm2/g, 0.01912 m2/g, 0.03046 m2/g, and and 0.004254 m2/g. As shown in Figure 8a–c, pore volume is positively correlated to the size of AgNPs. 0.004254 m2/g. As shown in Figure 8a–c, pore volume is positively correlated to the size of AgNPs.PDF Image | Graphene Oxide Nanofiltration Membranes Silver Nanoparticles
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