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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 454 11 of 13 composite membranes and GO membranes is negatively correlated to the thickness of membrane, while the rejection of four types membranes is positively correlated to membrane thickness. When the size of AgNPs is 20 nm, the GO/AgNPs composite membrane has the highest water flux and rejection among three types of composite membrane. This performance is related to both interlayer spacing, which increases with increasing AgNP size, and to defect size, which decreases with increasing AgNP size. The rejection is negatively correlated to feed concentration of RhB solution due to the solute diffusion effect. The rejection of MB for GO/AgNP composite membranes and the GO membrane is higher than that of RhB, due to physical size sieving and electrostatic repulsion mechanisms. This work indicates that both interlayer spacing and defect size influence the nanofiltration performance, suggesting two competing mechanisms whereby nanosized additives affect membrane performance. Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/3/454/s1, Fig. S1 (a) GO (b) GO/AgNPs composite solution, Fig. S2 The homemade dead-end filtration device for vacuum filtration, Fig. S3 (a) GO membrane (b) GO/AgNPs composite membrane by vacuum filtration. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.-j.H. and Y.-x.W.; methodology, K.Y. and L.-j.H.; software, Y.-c.D. and Z.-j.Z.; validation, J.-g.T.; formal analysis, Y.-c.D. and Z.-j.Z.; investigation, K.Y.; resources, Y.-x.W.; data curation, K.Y., Y.-c.D. and Z.-j.Z.; writing—original draft preparation, K.Y.; writing—review and editing, M.J.K. and L.A.B.; visualization, Y.-x.W.; supervision, L.-j.H., J.-g.T. and Y.W.; project administration, J.-g.T.; funding acquisition, L.-j.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This work was supported by the (1) National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 51878361, 51641204, 51503112), Key Research and Development Plan of Shandong Province (Grant no. 2017GGX20112); Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant No. ZR2019MEM048); (2) State Key Project of International Cooperation Research (2016YFE0110800, 2017YFE0108300); the National Program for Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (“111” plan); 1st class discipline program of Materials Science of Shandong Province, The Double-Hundred Foreign Expert Program of Shandong Province(2019-2021). Acknowledgments: Thanks for supporting from Cheng and Zhang. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References 1. Ren, Z.J.; Umble, A.K. Water treatment: Recover wastewater resources locally. Nature 2016, 529, 25. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. He, Y.R.; Li, S.C.; Li, X.L.; Yang, Y.; Tang, A.M.; Du, L.; Tan, Z.Y.; Zhang, D.; Chen, H.B. Graphene (rGO) hydrogel: A promising material for facile removal of uranium from aqueous solution. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 338, 333–340. [CrossRef] 3. Liu, C.; Kong, D.; Hsu, P.C.; Yuan, H.; Lee, H.W.; Liu, Y.; Wang, H.; Wang, S.; Yan, K.; Lin, D.; et al. Rapid water disinfection using vertically aligned MoS2 nanofilms and visible light. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 1098–1104. [CrossRef] 4. Yu, K.; Yang, S.; Liu, C.; Chen, H.; Li, H.; Sun, C.; Boyd, S.A. Degradation of organic dyes via bismuth silver oxide initiated direct oxidation coupled with sodium bismuthate based visible light photocatalysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 7318–7326. [CrossRef] 5. Xu, Y.C.; Wang, Z.X.; Cheng, X.Q.; Xiao, Y.C.; Shao, L. Positively charged nanofiltration membranes via economically mussel-substance-simulated co-deposition for textile wastewater treatment. Chem. Eng. J. 2016, 303, 555–564. [CrossRef] 6. Chen, F.J.; Gong, A.S.; Zhu, M.W.; Chen, G.; Lacey, S.D.; Jiang, F.; Li, Y.F.; Wang, Y.B.; Dai, J.Q.; Yao, Y.G.; et al. Mesoporous.; Three-dimensional wood membrane decorated with nanoparticles for highly efficient water treatment. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 4275–4282. [CrossRef] 7. Cheng, M.M.; Huang, L.J.; Wang, Y.X.; Zhao, Y.C.; Tang, J.G.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Kipper, M.J.; Wickramasinghe, S.R. Synthesis of graphene oxide/polyacrylamide composite membranes for organic dyes/water separation in water purification. J. Mater. Sci. 2019, 54, 252–264. [CrossRef] 8. Liu, G.P.; Jin, W.Q.; Xu, N.P. Graphene-based membranes. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 5016–5030. [CrossRef] 9. Sun, S.P.; Wang, K.Y.; Peng, N.; Hatton, T.A. Novel polyamide-imide/cellulose acetate dual-layer hollow fiber membranes for nanofiltration. J. Membr. Sci. 2010, 363, 232–242. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Graphene Oxide Nanofiltration Membranes Silver Nanoparticles
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