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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 376 17 of 22 inferred that AgNPs have many beneficial effects and applications when the doses are reasonable without adverse effects on human cells [92,93]. Concerning GO–AgNP cytotoxicity, it has been reported that this also occurs in a dose-dependent manner and is affected by the mass ratio of GO:Ag. It has been found that GO–AgNPs are more toxic than their pristine counterparts. The reported studies revealed that the cytotoxicity of GO–AgNPs towards human cell is related to the synergistic effect between GO and AgNPs [87]. As with any other compound, the dose of GO–AgNP nanohybrids to be used in their applications will have to be considered to avoid adverse effects. On the other hand, the anticancer activity of GO, AgNPs, and GO–AgNP nanohybrids against different cancer cells has been reported [94,95]. Silver nanoparticle-decorated graphene oxide shows enhanced anticancer activity compared to GO [96]. Therefore, GO–AgNP nanohybrids could have potential applications in theranostics for cancer [97,98]. 4. Conclusions GO–AgNP nanohybrids were successfully synthesized by an environmentally friendly one-step approach in the absence of any stabilizer. The simultaneous reduction of AgNO3 and GO in the presence of ascorbic acid resulted in the decoration of partially reduced graphene oxide with uniformly distributed AgNPs of an average size less than 4 nm. The size of the silver nanoparticles was determined by the concentration of the silver precursor and temperature. The effect of the former was more significant at lower temperature. The lower the concentration of silver precursor and the lower the temperature, the smaller the size of the silver nanoparticles anchored on the GO surface. GO dispersion lacked antimicrobial activity against four common pathogens, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and C. albicans over the concentration range investigated, while the nanohybrids exhibited species-specific antimicrobial activity. GO–AgNPs displayed the highest activity against C. albicans and S. aureus. GO–AgNP nanohybrids induced a dose- and time-dependent toxicity against the four microorganisms. This class of nanohybrids can be used as antimicrobial fillers for the preparation of polymer nanocomposites with antimicrobial properties, which can find applications in different fields, and they could also be considered non-toxic agents for application in cancer therapy. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.J.F. and M.D.F.; Methodology, M.J.F. and M.D.F.; Microbiological assays and their analysis, I.D.-L.-P., M.C., and G.Q.; All other experiments and their analysis, M.C. with help from M.J.F., M.D.F.; Discussion of results, M.J.F., M.D.F. with help from M.C.; Supervision, M.J.F., M.D.F., and G.Q.; Funding acquisition, M.J.F., M.D.F., and G.Q.; M.D.F. was a major contributor to the writing of the manuscript with input from M.C., I.D.-L.-P., G.Q., and M.J.F.; All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by the Basque Government (SAIOTEK S-PE13UN004 and GIC 15/78 IT990−16) and the University of The Basque Country (UFI11/56 and 11/25). Acknowledgments: Technical and human support provided by SGIker of UPV/EHU and European funding (ERDF and ESF) is gratefully acknowledged. M. Cobos gratefully thanks the Basque Government for the award of a grant, and I. De-La-Pinta received a scholarship from the ZabaldUz program (UPV/EHU). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Faramarzi, M.A.; Sadighi, A. Insights into biogenic and chemical production of inorganic nanomaterials and nanostructures. Adv. Colloid Interfac. 2013, 189−190, 1–20. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Shah, M.; Fawcett, D.; Sharma, S.; Tripathy, S.K.; Poinern, G.E.J. Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles via biological entities. Materials 2015, 8, 7278–7308. [CrossRef] 3. Iravani, S.; Korbekandi, H.; Mirmohammadi, S.V.; Zolfaghari, B. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Chemical, physical and biological methods. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2014, 9, 385–406. 4. Kharissova, O.V.; Dias, H.V.R.; Kharisov, B.I.; Perez, B.O.; Pérez, V.M.J. The greener synthesis of nanoparticles. Trends Biotechnol. 2013, 31, 240–248. [CrossRef] 5. Scala, A.; Piperno, A.; Hada, A.; Astilean, S.; Vulpoi, A.; Ginestra, G.; Marino, A.; Nostro, A.; Zammuto, V.; Gugliandolo, C. Marine bacterial exopolymers-mediated green synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties. Polymers 2019, 11, 1157. [CrossRef] [PubMed]PDF Image | Graphene Oxide–Silver Nanoparticle Nanohybrids
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