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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 2202 5 of 16 Figure 3. Grooved and smooth disc surfaces. Reproduced from [28], De Gruyter, 2019. The reagents, sodium hydroxide in pellet form and 99.8% absolute ethanol were purchased from Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK. Starch from corn was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Gillingham, UK. 2% w/v starch in 0.5 M NaOH solution was prepared for use in these experiments. A full factorial design of experiments in the SDR, consisting of 3 factors and 3 levels was implemented based on the operating conditions given in Table 2. Each experimental run was carried out for a total of 60 s with samples collected at 20 s intervals. The samples were immediately quenched in deionised water to halt further precipitation of the nanoparticles. Table 2. Operating conditions for spinning disc reactor (SDR) experiments. Factor Disc rotational speed (rpm) Total flow rate (mL/s) Antisolvent to solvent ratio (vol/vol basis) Low Centre High 400 800 1200 6 12 18 1:1 5:1 9:1 Starch nanoparticles from the SDR were analysed using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS-Mode Nano ZS Malvern instruments, Malvern, UK) technology to obtain intensity-based means. Further details of the methodology can be found in Sana et al. (2019) [28]. Regression analyses of the data have been carried out using Excel’s Data Analysis Add-on pack (Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Corporation, 2018) and QI Macros for Excel (QI Macros, KnowWare International, Inc., CO, USA, 2020). Dimensionless Numbers Reynolds number for thin film flow in the SDR is typically defined as [60]: Re = 2Q (5) πνr It is commonly used to characterise liquid flow in the SDR as it is a function of flow rate, disc radius, and properties of the liquid. The Reynolds number criteria at which flow transitions from laminar to turbulent are defined as [60]: Re < 16: Smooth laminar flow 16 ≤ Re < 40: Small amplitude waves 40 ≤ Re < 80: Sinusoidal waves replaced by regular wavesPDF Image | Hydro Starch Nanoparticles Precip Spinning Disc Reactor
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