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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 422 8 of 16 Table 1. Anti-candidal activity of AgNPs and plant extract against C. albicans. Concentration (μg/mL) 0 6.25 12.5 25 50 100 200 400 Amphotericine B 0a ±0.2 19c ±0.2 No growth Antifungal Agents AgNPs IZD (mm) 0a ±1.0 6b ±1.2 8.22 b ± 0.5 11.33 b ± 0.9 No growth Plant Extract 0a ±0.2 3.6a±0.8 4.1a±1.0 4.9a±1.5 5.2a±1.5 6.1a±0.9 No growth IZD: Inhibition zone diameter (mm). Data are expressed as the mean zone of inhibition in mm followed by SD. The values with different superscript letters (a, b and c) in the same row are significantly different according to ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range tests. Figure 4. Antimicrobial potential of AgNPs. (A) Disc diffusion method showing the anti-candidal activity of AgNPs and the synergistic anti-candidal potential of AgNPs (50 μg/mL) mixed with C. gigantea leaf extract (200 μg/mL). Data are expressed as the mean zone of inhibition in mm. (B) Time-kill curves of C. albicans following exposure to AgNPs, plant extract, and AgNPs/CG. Non-treated Candida cells were used as a control. There was a decrease in the rate of cell growth when Candida cells were treated with AgNPs/CG compared to either the control cells, AgNPs alone, or plant extract alone. Values are the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. 3.3. Synergistic Anti-Candidal Activity of AgNPs and Plant Extract When AgNPs were combined with the plant extract, they exhibited a synergistic anti-candidal action against C. albicans, with a zone of inhibition of 17.22 mm (Table 1 and Figure 4A). In addition, the time-kill curves measured the fungi-static effect for both AgNPs and plant extract at 50 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL, respectively, on the growth of Candida cells (Figure 4B). After only 4 h of incubation, AgNPs/CG inhibited the growth of C. albicans to zero colonies in contrast to the plant extract alone or AgNPs alone samples, which still had live colonies (Figure 4B). Thus, AgNPs/CG displayed a higher anti-candidal activity than either AgNPs alone or plant extract alone.PDF Image | Inhibition of Candidiasis Calotropis Silver Nanoparticles
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