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Inhibition of Candidiasis Calotropis Silver Nanoparticles

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Inhibition of Candidiasis Calotropis Silver Nanoparticles ( inhibition-candidiasis-calotropis-silver-nanoparticles )

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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 422 9 of 16 3.4. Effect of AgNPs/CG on the Virulence Factors of C. albicans As shown in Figure 5A, the untreated controls displayed great hyphal growth after 6 h, while the capacity of C. albicans to transform morphologically was repressed by AgNPs at concentrations lower than the MIC. On the other hand, hyphal growth was totally blocked in the presence of AgNPs/CG (50 μg/mL AgNPs + 200 μg/mL plant extract), as assessed using microscopic observations. In addition, we examined the anti-adhesive and anti-biofilm efficiencies of the AgNPs, plant extract, or AgNPs/CG. As shown in Figure 5B,C, AgNPs (50 μg/mL) inhibited the adhesion and the biofilm growth of C. albicans by 59% and 53%, respectively, while AgNPs/CG inhibited the adhesion and biofilm formation of C. albicans by 91% and 87%, respectively (Figure 5B,C). Figure 5. Effect of AgNPs on virulence factors of C. albicans. (A) Microscopic examination of the dimorphic transition in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with either amphotericine b, AgNPs, or AgNPs/CG. Complete inhibition of the dimorphic transition (all cells were observed in yeast form when AgNPs and plant extract were combined, unlike when the two were tested on their own). (B) Percentage of adhesion after (2 h) in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 0.25% glucose. (C) Biofilm formation (after 24 h) as measured using an MTT metabolic assay. Values are the mean ± SD of three independent experiments (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.005). 3.5. AgNPs/CG Suppressed the Production of Antioxidant Enzymes by C. albicans Since, very little is known about the inhibition of the production of oxidative enzymes by nanoparticles, we measured the effect of AgNPs/CG on the production of antioxidant enzymes by C. albicans. Interestingly, AgNPs/CG showed the ability to significantly inhibit the following anti-oxidant-related enzymes, including GST, CAT, SOD, G6-P, GSR, and GPX by 85.73%, 86.92%, 83.33%, 87.50%, 85.71%, and 100% respectively in C. albicans (Table 2).

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