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Sensors 2020, 20, 2398 4 of 13 The sheet resistance of inkjet-printed silver nanoparticle ink (Sicrys 115-TM119; particle size Sensors 2020, 20, x 4 of 13 d50 = 85 nm, d90 = 120 nm; viscosity 34 cP [46]) on two different, uncoated, commercially available paper substrates after photonic curing (PulseForge 1200) is observed. One of the paper substrates has grammage of 120 g/m2 (in the following, referred to as type 4) and the other one a grammage of 87 a grammage of 120 g/m2 (in the following, referred to as type 4) and the other one a grammage of g/m2 (referred to as type 7) (Mondi AG). As a reference, the sheet resistance of the same ink on a heat 87 g/m2 (referred to as type 7) (Mondi AG). As a reference, the sheet resistance of the same ink on a stabilised and treated white PET foil (Kemafoil® HSPL 80 W 75, Coveme) is determined as well. The heat stabilised and treated white PET foil (Kemafoil® HSPL 80 W 75, Coveme) is determined as well. structures are printed using a PIXDRO LP50 inkjet-printing system with a Fujifilm Dimatix 10 pL The structures are printed using a PIXDRO LP50 inkjet-printing system with a Fujifilm Dimatix 10 pL print head assembly. A printing resolution of 900 dpi has been chosen, with a typical drop volume print head assembly. A printing resolution of 900 dpi has been chosen, with a typical drop volume lying between 6 and 9 pL. To promote the evaporation of ink solvents during printing, the substrate lying between 6 and 9 pL. To promote the evaporation of ink solvents during printing, the substrate table was heated to 50 °C. For each substrate, 30 symmetric samples with different line length to table was heated to 50 ◦C. For each substrate, 30 symmetric samples with different line length to width width ratios (1:12, 1:6 and 1:4, 10 samples each) have been prepared, as illustrated in Figure 2. The ratios (1:12, 1:6 and 1:4, 10 samples each) have been prepared, as illustrated in Figure 2. The samples samples were manufactured from two layers of ink, which is important for the printing on uncoated were manufactured from two layers of ink, which is important for the printing on uncoated paper paper as the first layer is highly absorbed due to the substrates’ porosity [26]. The low-viscosity ink as the first layer is highly absorbed due to the substrates’ porosity [26]. The low-viscosity ink tends tends to penetrate the fibres, which results in a noticeable decrease in the achievable conductivity for to penetrate the fibres, which results in a noticeable decrease in the achievable conductivity for the the single-layer structure. single-layer structure. Figure 2. Test structures for the measurement of the sheet resistance with three different line length to width ratios. Figure 2. Test structures for the measurement of the sheet resistance with three different line length The second layer was printed directly on top of the first unsintered layer, as sintering of individual to width ratios. layers in multilayer printing can lead to interface structures, inhibiting the formation of a vertically homogeneous coating [47]. The printed patterns on the PET substrate are sintered by employing The second layer was printed directly on top of the first unsintered layer, as sintering of thermal sintering in an oven for 30 min at 130 ◦C, as specified by the ink supplier [46]. For the individual layers in multilayer printing can lead to interface structures, inhibiting the formation of a photonic curing on the paper substrates, the used sintering parameters have been obtained by carefully vertically homogeneous coating [47]. The printed patterns on the PET substrate are sintered by approaching optimum settings. The overall sintering energy for the photonic curing process on the employing thermal sintering in an oven for 30 min at 130 °C, as specified by the ink supplier [46]. For used paper substrates resulted in 2.1 J/cm2. Note that it is essential to sufficiently dry the printed the photonic curing on the paper substrates, the used sintering parameters have been obtained by patterns before applying photonic curing, as otherwise the remaining solvents might reach their boiling carefully approaching optimum settings. The overall sintering energy for the photonic curing process pointandmaydestroytheprintedlayersduetoliqu2idexpansionandtheformationofbubbles. on the used paper substrates resulted in 2.1 J/cm . Note that it is essential to sufficiently dry the The roughness of the substrates is calculated as defined in ISO 25,178 [48]. As described in printed patterns before applying photonic curing, as otherwise the remaining solvents might reach Equation(4),S isthearithmeticmeanofthemeasuredabsoluteheightZ(x,y)overadefinedsampling a their boiling point and may destroy the printed layers due to liquid expansion and the formation of areaA.Additionally,theroughnesscanbecharacterisedusingS (seeEquation(5)),whichcorresponds bubbles. The roughness of the substrates is calculated as defined in ISO 25,178 [48]. As described in q to the root mean square value of the measured axial height values Z(x,y). Equation (4), Sa is the arithmetic mean of the measured absolute height Z(x,y) over a defined sampling 1 A S = corresponds to the root mean square value of the measured axial height values Z(x,y). Z(x, y)dxdy, (5) area A. Additionally, the roughnessa can be characterised using Sq (see Equation (5)), which 1 2 = A Z (x,y)dxdy, (6) q S 1 |Zx, y|dxdy, (5) A S The actual measurement of the sheet resistance is performed using a Keithley 2700 digital multimeter. To minimise the influence of th1ermal electromotive forces on the low resistance S AZx,ydxdy, (6) measurements, an offset compensation technique is employed. During measurement, the samples are contacted with commercial and rather even crocodile clamps. All measurements, as well as the The actual measurement of the sheet resistance is performed using a Keithley 2700 digital printing, curing and storage, were conducted in the same laboratory environment at room temperature multim◦eter. To minimise the influence of thermal electromotive forces on the low resistance (21–23 C, 15–35%rH). measurements, an offset compensation technique is employed. During measurement, the samples are contacted with commercial and rather even crocodile clamps. All measurements, as well as the printing, curing and storage, were conducted in the same laboratory environment at room temperature (21–23 °C, 15–35%rH).PDF Image | Inkjet-Printed Ag-Layers on Flexible, Uncoated Paper Substrates
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