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Sensors 2020, 20, 2398 Sensors 2020, 20, x 5 of 13 5 of 13 The characterisation of the substrate surfaces was conducted using contactless white-light interferometry (WLI) over an area of 800 × 660 μm at an axial (z-) resolution of 1 nm. In total, four interferometry (WLI) over an area of 800 × 660 μm at an axial (z-) resolution of 1 nm. In total, four different areas on each paper type were analysed using WLI. A three-dimensional mapping of the different areas on each paper type were analysed using WLI. A three-dimensional mapping of the substrate surface area of both paper substrates is illustrated in Figure 3. 3. Results 3. Results 3.1. Surface Characteristics of the Used Paper Substrates 3.1. Surface Characteristics of the Used Paper Substrates 3.1.1. White Light Interferometry 3.1.1. White Light Interferometry The characterisation of the substrate surfaces was conducted using contactless white-light substrate surface area of both paper substrates is illustrated in Figure 3. (a) (b) Figure 3. 3-D white-light interferometry (WLI) mapping of the substrate surface of (a) type 4 and (b) Figure 3. 3-D white-light interferometry (WLI) mapping of the substrate surface of (a) type 4 and (b) type 7 over an area of 800 × 660 μm. type 7 over an area of 800 × 660 μm. Based on that, the average roughness parameters from the four measurements were calculated andrreepoorrtteeddininTaTbalebl1e.T1h.eTchoerrceosprroensdpionngdpinogrospitoyrovsailtuyesvalsuwesellaasswtheellgraasmtmheagerafomrmthaegresfpoercttihve rpeasperctiyvpeeps awperetpyproevsiwdedrebpyrtohveidmeadnbuyfatchteurmera.nufacturer. Table 1. Characteristics of the used paper substrates. Grammage 2 Paper Substrate Grammage in g/m Porosity in Paper Substrate in g/m2 Sa in μm Sa in μm 1.2 1.4 Sq in μm Sq in μm Porosity in mL/min ml/min 50 350 350 Type 4 120 1.2 1.4 1.6 50 Type 4 120 1.6 Type 7 87 1.9 Type 7 87 1.9 3.1.2. Microscopy and SEM Imaging 3.1.2. Microscopy and SEM Imaging The numeric roughness of the used paper substrates’ surfaces is quite similar, as the results from The numeric roughness of the used paper substrates’ surfaces is quite similar, as the results from the white-light interferometry reveal (Table 1). However, the substrates differ in their porosity as well the white-light interferometry reveal (Table 1). However, the substrates differ in their porosity as well as grammage. Furthermore, the differences in their fibrousness and the degree of surface homogeneity as grammage. Furthermore, the differences in their fibrousness and the degree of surface can be visually observed using microscopy imaging (see Figure 4). The high porosity of the type 7 paper homogeneity can be visually observed using microscopy imaging (see Figure 4). The high porosity substrate facilitates the penetration of the low-viscous ink into the fibres. This effect is particularly of the type 7 paper substrate facilitates the penetration of the low-viscous ink into the fibres. This observable when printing single drops, as illustrated in Figure 5. Here the ink penetrates the substrate effect is particularly observable when printing single drops, as illustrated in Figure 5. Here the ink in the direction of the fibres, inhibiting the deposition of edged drops. penetrates the substrate in the direction of the fibres, inhibiting the deposition of edged drops. Microscopic images of the cross section perfectly illustrate the different nature of printed layers on non-porous PET substrate (Figure 6a) compared to the porous paper substrate (type 4, Figure 6b). While the Ag-layer on PET is quite homogeneous with an estimated thickness of 2.5 μm, the ink obviously penetrates the fibres of the paper substrate. Hence, an estimation of the layer thickness is not trivial in this case.PDF Image | Inkjet-Printed Ag-Layers on Flexible, Uncoated Paper Substrates
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