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Sensors 2020, 20, 2398 9 of 13 Table 3. Statistical key data of the sheet resistance measurement values for the type 4 substrate. Sensors 2020, 20, x Line to Width Ratio 1:12 1:6 1:4 Table 3. Statistical keySdamataploefStihzesheet resistan1c0e measurem1e0nt values for1t0he type 4 substrate. 9 of 13 length to width ratios. Substrate ρ (1:12) in μΩ·cm ρ (1:6) in μΩ·cm ρ (1:4) in μΩ·cm ρ(1:12)inμΩ∙cm ρ(1:6)inμΩ∙cm ρ(1:4)inμΩ∙cm Minimum (mΩ/) 52.1 49.9 45.3 LinetoWidthRatio 1:12 1:6 1:4 Median (mΩ/) Sample Size 65.7 60.1 57.8 Maximum (mΩ/) Minimum (mΩ/□) 10 10 10 88.4 65.7 68.0 52.1 49.9 45.3 Median (mΩ/□) 65.7 60.1 57.8 Table 4. Statistical key data of the sheet resistance measurement values for the type 7 substrate. Maximum (mΩ/□) 88.4 65.7 68.0 Line to Width Ratio 1:12 1:6 1:4 Table 4. Statistical key data of the sheet resistance measurement values for the type 7 substrate. Sample Size Minimum (mΩ/) Median (mΩ/) Maximum (mΩ/) 10 475.9 647.0 1071.9 10 487.2 545.0 1071.9 10 344.5 523.5 1010.7 (b) Figure 10. Dispersion of the sheet resistance around the median value of the printed Ag-structures on the type 4 (a) and type 7 (b) paper substrates. the type 4 (a) and type 7 (b) paper substrates. Using Equattiion(4(4),),thtehespsepcieficcifricesrisetsiivsitiyviρtyofρthoefAthge-laAyegr-loanyePrEoTnanPdEtTheatnydpeth4epatyppeer s4ubpsatrpaetre swuabstcraltceulwataesd.caFlocrutlhateetdy.pFeo7rpthapeetryspuebs7trpaatep,eρrwsuabssntroattcea,lρcuwlaatesdnaosttchaelcauctlautaeldlaayserththeicakcntueassl claoyueldr tnhoictkbneedssetceormulidnendo.tTbaebldee5tegrimveinseadn.oTvaebrlveie5wgoivnetshaenmoevdeiravnierwesiostnivtihtyevmaeludeisanforedsisffteivreitnyt lvinaleulesngfothr ◦ dtoiffweridentht lrianteiolesncgotmhptoarwedidtohtrhaetiospseccoimficpraerseidsttiovithyeosfpbeuclikficsirlevseirst(iρvity=of1b.5u9lkμsΩil·vcemr (aρtA2g0= 1C.59[4μ9Ω]).∙cm at 20 °C [49]). (a) Figure 10. Dispersion of the sheet resistance around the median value of the printed Ag-structures on Table 5. Resistivity values ρ of the Ag-layers on PET and the type 4 paper substrate for different line Tleanbglteh5t.oRwesiidsthivriatytiovsa.lues ρ of the Ag-layers on PET and the type 4 paper substrate for different line Ag Substrate PET (t = 2.5 μm) PET (t = 2.5 μm) 6.3 (4 × bulk) 6.6 (4.2 × bulk) 6.9 (4.3 × bulk) Type 4 (t = 2 μm) Type 4 (t = 2 μm) 6.3 (4 × bulk) 6.6 (4.2 × bulk) 6.9 (4.3 × bulk) 13.1 (8.3 × bulk) 13.1 (8.3 × bulk) 12.0 (7.6 × bulk) 12.0 (7.6 × bulk) 11.6 (7.3 × bulk) 11.6 (7.3 × bulk) 4. Discussion 4. Discussion The analysis of the sheet resistance of the Ag-structures on white PET substrate revealed a quite The analysis of the sheet resistance of the Ag-structures on white PET substrate revealed a quite decent, yet not perfect reproducibility of the resulting conductivity. This is due to the fact that some decent, yet not perfect reproducibility of the resulting conductivity. This is due to the fact that some process parameters, such as the droplet volume (6–9 pL) and quality (formation of satellite droplets), process parameters, such as the droplet volume (6–9 pL) and quality (formation of satellite droplets), tend to vary during printing, resulting in an altering layer thickness. One reason for the changing tend to vary during printing, resulting in an altering layer thickness. One reason for the changing qualities of the droplet during processing is the substrate table heating, which increases the print qualities of the droplet during processing is the substrate table heating, which increases the print head temperature as well, resulting in a decrease in the ink’s viscosity. Furthermore, the heating can head temperature as well, resulting in a decrease in the ink’s viscosity. Furthermore, the heating can promote the evaporation of solvents, which might facilitate drying of the ink at the nozzle orifice, and promote the evaporation of solvents, which might facilitate drying of the ink at the nozzle orifice, hence increase the risk of nozzle clogging. With the given setup, it is not possible to monitor the drop and hence increase the risk of nozzle clogging. With the given setup, it is not possible to monitor the drop volume and quality during processing. Apart from that, the contacting of the samples might also have an influence on the measurement results, as a perfectly reproducible contacting using crocodile clamps cannot be guaranteed. The measurements were conducted in a laboratory environment where variations of the room temperature in the range of a few °C can occur. InPDF Image | Inkjet-Printed Ag-Layers on Flexible, Uncoated Paper Substrates
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