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Sensors 202109, 2109, 1x3F3O3 R PEER REVIEW 9 of 15 Figure 5. Exemplary cyclic voltammograms of inkjet-printed electrode arrays (IPEs, number of inkjet-printed layers indicated in the legend) and a screen-printed electrode (SPE) in 0.5 M H2SO4. The Figure 5. Exemplary cyclic voltammograms of inkjet-printed electrode arrays (IPEs, number of inkjet- gold-oxide reduction peak between 1.15 V and 0.70 V was used to calculate the effective surface area. printed layers indicated in the legend) and a screen-printed electrode (SPE) in 0.5 M H2SO4. The gold- Inset: The calculated roughness factor (RF) in dependence of the number of inkjet-printed layers. The oxide reduction peak between 1.15 V and 0.70 V was used to calculate the effective surface area. Inset: line shows a linear regression fit forced through zero to visualize the correlation of the RF and the The calculated roughness factor (RF) in dependence of the number of inkjet-printed layers. The line printed layers in the investigated range. shows a linear regression fit forced through zero to visualize the correlation of the RF and the printed layers in the investigated range. While the reduction peak established readily for IPEs, indicating a high purity of the gold surface, the SPEs required about 100 cycles in sulfuric acid, until the gold oxide reduction peak fully established While the reduction peak established readily for IPEs, indicating a high purity of the gold (SI Figure S8), which is not unexpected for SPEs and can be attributed to the removal of impurities [32]. surface, the SPEs required about 100 cycles in sulfuric acid, until the gold oxide reduction peak fully AOxide of SPEs measured after 200 cycles CV was 21.6 ± 3.0 mm2, which corresponds to an RF of established (SI Figure S8), which is not unexpected for SPEs and can be attributed to the removal of 4.3 ± 0.3. impurities [32]. AOxide of SPEs measured after 200 cycles CV was 21.6 ± 3.0 mm2, which corresponds to an RF of 4.3 ± 0.3. 3.2.2. Electrochemical Detection of Nucleic Acids The utility of the IPEs for lab-on-a-chip applications is exemplarily tested for electrochemical 3.2.2. Electrochemical Detection of Nucleic Acids nucleic acid hybridization detection. It is of interest whether the low-temperature sintering of the The utility of the IPEs for lab-on-a-chip applications is exemplarily tested for electrochemical commercial Au ink allows the functionalization of the electrodes, even without a special pretreatment nucleic acid hybridization detection. It is of interest whether the low-temperature sintering of the of the surface. To check the functionality and the specificity of the hybridization signal, six of the eight commercial Au ink allows the functionalization of the electrodes, even without a special pretreatment electrodes per array were functionalized with capture probe 1. The other two electrodes served as of the surface. To check the functionality and the specificity of the hybridization signal, six of the a negative control and remained non-functionalized, i.e., they were treated like the functionalized eight electrodes per array were functionalized with capture probe 1. The other two electrodes served electrodes, but the immobilization solution did not contain thiolated capture probes. Furthermore, it is as a negative control and remained non-functionalized, i.e., they were treated like the functionalized of interest whether the pores of the electrode are accessible for functionalization and hybridization, electrodes, but the immobilization solution did not contain thiolated capture probes. Furthermore, it which may lead to advantageous hybridization signals. is of interest whether the pores of the electrode are accessible for functionalization and hybridization, The coverage of electrodes with capture probes scaled with AOxide, which means that the pores which may lead to advantageous hybridization signals. are accessible for the capture probes (displayed in SI Figure S9). Surface densities of capture probes The coverage of electrodes with capt−u2re probes scaled with−2AOxide, which means that t−h2e pores referredtoAOxide were9.8±0.6pmolcm ,10.0±0.6pmolcm ,and10.2±1.3pmolcm ,for3-, are accessible for the capture probes (displayed−2in SI Figure S9). Surface densities of capture probes 6-, and 9-layered IPEs and 14.1 ± 1.8 pmol cm for SPEs. The densities are slightly lower than the referred to AOxide were 9.8 ± 0.6 pmol cm-2, 10.0 ± 0.−62pmol cm-2, and 10.2 ± 1.3 pmol cm-2, for 3-, 6-, and previously reported densities of about 15 pmol cm for comparable MCH to capture probe ratios, but 9-layered IPEs and 14.1 ± 1.8 pmol cm-2 for SPEs. The densities are slightly lower than the previously on planar electrodes and using a different immobilization buffer [27,28]. reported densities of about 15 pmol cm-2 for comparable MCH to capture probe ratios, but on planar The following hybridization resulted in specific CV signals (acquired in surface mode to account electrodes and using a different immobilization buffer [27,28]. for the surface confined reaction) at the functionalized electrodes (Figure 6a). No CV signals were The following hybridization resulted in specific CV signals (acquired in surface mode to account observed at non-functionalized electrodes, demonstrating that the surface is efficiently blocked against for the surface confined reaction) at the functionalized electrodes (Figure 6a). No CV signals were unspecific adsorption of the labelled DNA. The reduction peak was integrated to determine the number observed at non-functionalized electrodes, demonstrating that the surface is efficiently blocked against unspecific adsorption of the labelled DNA. The reduction peak was integrated to determinePDF Image | Inkjet-Printing Nanoparticle Gold Silver Ink Cyclic Olefin
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