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Sensors 2020, 20, 6890 17 of 23 the developed assays. However, in clinical practice, such equipment would be expensive and time consuming. Nevertheless, several research projects are concentrating on developing simple, cheap and quick assays, suitable for clinical translation and wider implementation in the operational environment of the clinic. Various advantageous aspects of nanomaterials used in multiplexed nanobiosensors are summarised in Table 1, and current evidence implies that these nanomaterials could be used for the development of highly sensitive multiplexed biosensors. Table 1. Summary of described multiplexing nanobiosensors: used nanoparticles, method of detection, number of detected analytes, detection range and detection limit (if provided). Nanoparticles Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Quantum dots Gold nanorods Gold and silver nanoparticles Gold and silver nanoparticles Gold nanoparticle decorated exosomes Silica encapsulated gold nanoparticles Method Number of Analytes QLISA 3 QLISA 3 Magnetic bead–quantum dot assay 3 Magnetic bead–quantum dot assay 3 Magnetic bead–quantum 3 dot assay Magnetic bead–quantum 5 dot assay Magnetic bead–quantum 5 dot assay Flow cytometry 2 Flow cytometry 3 Electrochemical 2 immunoassay Electrochemical 2 immunoassay Immunocytochemistry 2 Immunocytochemistry 5 Immunohistochemistry Immunohistochemistry 4 Immunohistochemistry 2 Immunochromatographic 2 dipstick method Lateral flow assay 2 Microfluidic system 2 LSPR spectroscopy 2 Colorimetric 2 Spectroscopy Detection Range 30–1000 ng/mL 0.05–10 ng/mL 1.03–111 ng/mL 9.26–1000 ng/mL 3.9–125.0 ng/mL - - - 0.52–30 0.13–10 Detection Limit Reference ng/mL ng/mL 30 ng/mL [18] 5 pg/mL [19] 0.19ng/mL 0.97ng/mL [30] 0.37ng/mL 364 pg/mL 38 pg/mL [31] 370 pg/mL - [32] 0.01–0.06 ng/mL [33] 0.06–1.5 KU/L 0.01–0.02 IU/mL [34] - [35] 7–10 ng/mL [36] 0.4 fg/mL [40] 0.1 μU/mL [41] 10 μU/mL 0.001–0.1 pg/mL 10−6 –1 U/mL 10−4–100 U/mL -- [42] 2 5 SERS-based cell imaging 2 -- [43] -- [44] -- [45] 1–50 ng/mL 5–50 ng/mL 1.3–480 ng/mL 2.8–680 ng/mL 37.8 pg/mL 42.6 pg/mL [48] 0.16 ng/mL [49] 0.35 ng/mL 0.3 ng/mL [50] 1.0–40 ng/mL -- [57] 0.4 ng/mL 2 nM [67] - - [69] -- [72] Colorimetric Spectroscopy - 15–40 nM 1 nM 19 nM [68] Colorimetric SpectroscopyPDF Image | Multiplexed Nanobiosensors: Current Trends in Early Diagnostics
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