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Molecules 2020, 25, 4613 5 of 36 appeared to be an effective complementary treatment that reduced colon cancer risk from cellular antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects [87]. The study also revealed that the flavonoid subclasses had a significant synergistic effect on preventing tumorigenesis, tumor growth and promoting apoptosis of cancer cells [87]. Similar studies by Chang and coworkers proved that the intake of quercetin and other flavonol compounds could reduce the risk of colon cancer, while the intake of apigenin and other flavonoids could reduce the risk of rectal cancer [88]. Table 2. Anti-cancer effects of some polyphenols. Polyphenol Curcumin Resveratrol Cancer Type/ Cell Line MBA-MB-231cells, MCF-7 cells HCT-116 cells T98G, U87MG, T67 cells, HCT-116 cells LNCaP cells NSCLC cells Apc10.1 cells Hela cells SGC7901, BGC823 cells MDA-MB-231 cells AsPC-1, CRL-4023, PANC-1 cells A549 cells PC-3 cells Breast T47D Pancreatic Mia-PaCa2 Colorectal HCT 116 Colorectal HT-29, MIA PaCa-2 Ovarian SKOV3 BEL-7402 Major Outcomes References Quercetin EGCG Genistein Daidzein [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] [105] [106] Down-regulate the mRNA expression of Vimentin, Fibronectin, and β-catenin; up-regulate [89] E-cadherin mRNA expression levels Reduce the expression of SIRT1 protein, suppress [90] the oncogenicity of human-colon cancer cells Inhibit AP-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways, suppress JNK activation induced by carcinogens Induce the expression of COX-2, promoting ERK1/2 activation, and facilitate p53-dependent [92] anti-proliferation gene expression Prevent tumorigenesis and progression, and down-regulate EGFR/Akt/ERK1/2 signaling [93] pathway Show superior efficacy than high doses due to the pro-oxidant activity and AMPK signaling [94] upregulation Inhibit the expression of PLSCR1, leading to the [95] growth inhibition of HeLa cells Inhibit the invasion and migration of human [96] gastric cancer cells Increase FasL mRNA expression and p51, p21, and GADD45 signaling activities, induce protein [97] level, transcriptional activity, and nuclear translocation of Foxo3a Reduce the expression levels of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein, activate c-Jun [98] N-terminal kinase (JNK) Trigger BCL2/BAX-mediated apoptosis, as well [99] as necrosis and mitotic catastrophe Decrease tumor improvement, down-regulate Ki67, and enhance caspase 7 Up-regulate PTEN, CASP3, CASP9, down-regulate AKT Induce mitochondrial apoptosis, block cell cycle and regulate STAT3 Inhibite cell proliferation, induce apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells Cytotoxic effects on both MIA PaCa-2 and HT-29 cell lines Up-regulate B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein, cytochrome c, down-regulate pCdc25c, Cdc25c Increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induce a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential [91]PDF Image | Nanoformulations to Enhance the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Polyphenols
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