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Molecules 2020, 25, 4613 7 of 36 Molecules 2020, 23, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 36 Phospholipid complexes are more bioavailable than purified extracts because the presence of phosphatidyl cholines, a major component of cell membranes, enhances the ability of plant extracts to phosphatidyl cholines, a major component of cell membranes, enhances the ability of plant extracts circulate in the body [131]. to circulate in the body [131]. Figure 2. Main structure of the phosphatidylcholine, representative phosphatidylcholine groups and main fatty acid residues. Phytosomes were developed in the late 1980s by a company called Indena, which developed a Phytosomes were developed in the late 1980s by a company called Indena, which developed a way to increase the bioavailability of drugs by complexing them to phospholipids. Many of the drug way to increase the bioavailability of drugs by complexing them to phospholipids. Many of the drug extracts currently on the market are in the form of phospholipid complexes. Phytosome technology extracts currently on the market are in the form of phospholipid complexes. Phytosome technology has greatly improved the bioavailability of plant extracts, especially polyphenols. Yang et al. [132] has greatly improved the bioavailability of plant extracts, especially polyphenols. Yang et al. [132] used a simple method to prepare the rosmarinic acid-phospholipid complex (RA-PLC). The study used a simple method to prepare the rosmarinic acid-phospholipid complex (RA-PLC). The study showed that compared with natural RA, the membrane permeability and antioxidant properties showed that compared with natural RA, the membrane permeability and antioxidant properties of of RA-PLC are significantly improved, and the biological utilization is 1.2 times higher than RA. RA-PLC are significantly improved, and the biological utilization is 1.2 times higher than RA. Ravarotto et al. [133] reported that the silibinin-phospholipid complex has better anti-hepatotoxic Ravarotto et al. [133] reported that the silibinin-phospholipid complex has better anti-hepatotoxic activity than silibinin alone, and it can reduce the toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 on broilers. Similarly, activity than silibinin alone, and it can reduce the toxic effect of aflatoxin B1 on broilers. Similarly, there have been numerous reports that curcumin-phospholipid complexes can significantly increase there have been numerous reports that curcumin-phospholipid complexes can significantly increase bioavailability, improve pharmacokinetics, and enhance liver protection [134,135]. In the study of bioavailability, improve pharmacokinetics, and enhance liver protection [134,135]. In the study of Marczylo et al. [136] rats given the same oral dose of free curcumin and curcumin–phospholipid Marczylo et al. [136] rats given the same oral dose of free curcumin and curcumin–phospholipid complex (340 mg/kg) were found to have 5 times more drug content in plasma than the other group complex (340 mg/kg) were found to have 5 times more drug content in plasma than the other group after 2 h. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats in another study showed that oral curcumin–phospholipid after 2 h. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats in another study showed that oral curcumin–phospholipid complexes had a longer half-life than oral free drugs [137]. Quercetin and polyphenol extracts complexes had a longer half-life than oral free drugs [137]. Quercetin and polyphenol extracts from from Moringa oleifera leaf have the function of improving bioavailability after complexing with Moringa oleifera leaf have the function of improving bioavailability after complexing with phospholipids [138,139]. phospholipids [138,139]. The application of polyphenol–phospholipid complexes in anti-cancer has gradually emerged. The application of polyphenol–phospholipid complexes in anti-cancer has gradually emerged. Narges Mahmoodi found that both silibinin and silibinin phosphatidylcholine can down-regulate Narges Mahmoodi found that both silibinin and silibinin phosphatidylcholine can down-regulate the the expression of HER2 on SKBR3 breast cancer cells, but silibinin–phospholipid complex had much expression of HER2 on SKBR3 breast cancer cells, but silibinin–phospholipid complex had much greater inhibitory effect on cancer cells than natural silibinin (approximately 2 ~ 2.5 times) [140]. A list greater inhibitory effect on cancer cells than natural silibinin (approximately 2 ~ 2.5 times) [140]. A of polyphenols complexed with phospholipids is shown in Table 3. list of polyphenols complexed with phospholipids is shown in Table 3. 3.2. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles Table 3. Polyphenols complexed with phospholipids. Liposome-based nanoparticles are spherical lipid particles widely used for drug delivery. Phytosomal Biological Activity Route of Reference The ability to encapsulate water-soluble, lipid-soluble and amphiphilic substances makes them Formulations Administration ideal carriers for many kinds of drugs. These kinds of nanoparticles mainly include nanoliposomes Moringa oleifera leaf Wound healing Antimicrobial, anti- infammatory, anticancer In vitro Oral [138] [139] and solid lipid nanoparticles [14]. phytophospholipid complex 3.2.1. Liposomes Quercetin phytosome The term liposome is composed of two Greek words, lipos (fat) and soma (body or structure), Curcumin phytosome Antioxidant In vitro, oral [141,142] meaning a membrane of fat (mainly phospholipids and cholesterol) that surrounds a water-soluble carrier or compartment [152]. Liposomes are self-assembled amphiphilic spherical vesicles with Rutin-phospholipid Anticytotoxicity, In vitro [143] at least one phospholipid bilayer, similar to the bilayer shape on the cell membrane, which can neuroprotection Catechin phyto-phospholipid Antioxidant In vitro [144] Luteolin phytosome Hepatoprotective Oral [145]PDF Image | Nanoformulations to Enhance the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Polyphenols
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