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Molecules 2020, 25, 4613 10 of 36 Molecules 2020, 23, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 36 SLNs coated with resveratrol were prepared by Pandita and coworkers using solvent diffffusion —- ssoolvlveenntteevvaappoorraatitoionnmeetthhoodd[[168]].. TThheeeennccaappssuulalatitoionnrraateteoff resverattrroll in nanoparticles was 88.9±3..1%,,aandtthheerreeleleaasseetitmimeeininvvitirtoroccoouuldldbbeeexetxetnenddededtoto121020h.hI.tIwtawsaaslsaolsfoufonudntdhathtathtethueseusoef sooflsidolildipliidpifdorfmorumlautiloantisoninscirnecarseadsetdhethbeiobaivoaivlabilialibtyiliotyforfaolrraelsrveesrvaetraotlrboylbeyigehitghtitmtiemsecosmcopmarpeadretdo dtorudgrusguspuespnseinosnios.nsS.imSilmarilyar,lyg,lygcleyrcyelryblebhehneantea-tbea-bseadsedSLSNLNsswwerereuusesdedfoforrttheeencapsulatiionof resveratrol to explore its brain ttargetiing abiilliitty [[169]].. Cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated that SLNs haaddththe esasmame aentaintutimtuomr eoffr eecftfaesctfraees rferseveeraetsrvoel,rawtrhoile, twhehidlerutghebioddruisgtribiuotdioisntrinibmuticoeninidnicmatiecde itnhdaticSaLteNdgthreaattSlyLNincgrreeaasteldytinhcerceoansecdentthreatcioncoefnrtersavtieornatoroflreinsvberaitnrocleilnls.braincells. Curcumin waassalaslosoinicnocroproproarteadtedwiwthitnhicnhitcohsiatonsaconatceodatSeLdNSsLbNyshobmyohgoemnizoagteionnizatniodnulatrnad- suoltnriac-astoionnicatteicohnntieqcuheni[q1u7e0][.17It0]s.hIotwsheodwtehdathtahtethoeraolrabliboiaovavilaiblailbitilyityofofnnaannooppaartritcilcelseswass more improved than that of curcumin suspension, and the reason was not only that the encapsulation prevented the drug from being degraded by enzymes, but also that the chitosan could be easily absorbed. TThheepprorodduuctcitoionnofosfuscuhchfofromrmuluatliaotniosncsocuoldulfdurftuhretrhexrpeaxnpdanthdetuhseeuosfecuofrcumrciunmininfoiondfoanod nanudtrancueturaticeaulsti.cals. SLNwaassalaslosousuesdedtotiompimropvreotvheetbhioeabviaoilaavbailiiltaybiolfitqyuoerfcqetuinerbcyetcinarrbyincgatrrayninsfgertrrianntshfaetrreinabthleadt eitntaobbledeitlitvoerbeddtoeltivherberdaitnoatthdeebsriganinataetddpeosingtnsatoedstupdoiynthsetoroslteuidnyAtlhzeheriomlerin’sAdilszehaesiem[e1r7'1s]d. iIstewasaes [f1o7u1n]d. Ithwatatshfeounanndotphartttichlesncaonuolpdairntihcilbeistcthouelfdorimnhaitbioitnthofefifobrmilsaatinodnroefdfuibcreiltshaenadmryeldouidceacthcuemamulyaltoioidn aocfcpuemptuidlaetsio. n of peptides. 3.3. Niosomes 3.3. Niosomes Liposomes have the disadvantages of high production cost, poor chemical stability, and impure Liposomes have the disadvantages of high production cost, poor chemical stability, and impure phospholipid content. With similar structures to liposomes, niosomes can perfectly avoid those phospholipid content. With similar structures to liposomes, niosomes can perfectly avoid those disadvantages and become promising polyphenol delivery systems that have been used for continuous, disadvantages and become promising polyphenol delivery systems that have been used for controllable and targeted drug delivery of polyphenols and other drugs [172–174]. Most of the niosomes continuous, controllable and targeted drug delivery of polyphenols and other drugs [172–174]. Most are composed of non-toxic non-ionic surfactants (mainly alkylamides, alkyl esters, and fatty acid of the niosomes are composed of non-toxic non-ionic surfactants (mainly alkylamides, alkyl esters, esters), and contain cholesterol or its derivatives and charged molecules. The presence of cholesterol and fatty acid esters), and contain cholesterol or its derivatives and charged molecules. The presence increases the rigidity of nanoparticles, while the presence of charged molecules contributes to the of cholesterol increases the rigidity of nanoparticles, while the presence of charged molecules stability during the preparation (Figure 4) [174–176]. contributes to the stability during the preparation (Figure 4) [174–176]. Figure4.SScchheemmaatitcicrereppreresseenntatatitoionnooffnnioiossoomeeprreepaarreedbysorbiittanmonostearatte(Span-60)).. Redrawn from reference [176]. Copyright 2014 Elsevier B.V. Redrawn from reference [176]. Copyright 2014 Elsevier B.V. The preparation methods of niosomes include the ethanol injection method, transmembrane pH The preparation methods of niosomes include the ethanol injection method, transmembrane pH gradient method, reverse phase evaporation, microfluidization, lipid layer hydration, etc. Due to the gradient method, reverse phase evaporation, microfluidization, lipid layer hydration, etc. Due to the unique structure, niosomes can be used to load and deliver hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. unique structure, niosomes can be used to load and deliver hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. Lu et al. designed Span60-Rh40-based niosomes for loading flavonoids to improve the solubility, Lu et al. designed Span60-Rh40-based niosomes for loading flavonoids to improve the solubility, stability and penetration [177]. It was demonstrated that niosomes significantly improved the solubility stability and penetration [177]. It was demonstrated that niosomes significantly improved the and light stability of quercetin. The skin water-locking effect of quercetin-niosomes was almost three solubility and light stability of quercetin. The skin water-locking effect of quercetin-niosomes was times higher than that of free quercetin solution. Another group extracted polyphenol-rich propolis almost three times higher than that of free quercetin solution. Another group extracted polyphenol- with ethanol and prepared propolis-loaded niosomes (PLNs) with different concentrations of Span 60 rich propolis with ethanol and prepared propolis-loaded niosomes (PLNs) with different and cholesterol to enhance the local antibacterial effect of propolis. The use of niosomes significantly concentrations of Span 60 and cholesterol to enhance the local antibacterial effect of propolis. The use enhanced the antibacterial activity of propolis against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. of niosomes significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity of propolis against Staphylococcus aureus The enhancement of antibacterial activity attributes to the fact that niosomes can directly interact with and Candida albicans. The enhancement of antibacterial activity attributes to the fact that niosomes can directly interact with the bacterial envelope, thus facilitating the entry of antibacterial components in propolis into cells [178]. To increase chemotherapeutic efficacy while reducing toxicPDF Image | Nanoformulations to Enhance the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Polyphenols
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