Nanoformulations to Enhance the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Polyphenols

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Nanoformulations to Enhance the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Polyphenols ( nanoformulations-enhance-bioavailability-and-physiological-f )

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Molecules 2020, 25, 4613 13 of 36 delivered curcumin with β-lactoglobulin and nanoemulsion as the carrier. The results showed that the water solubility, pH stability and permeability of curcumin were significantly improved by binding to β-lactoglobulin. The curcumin-β-lactoglobulin complex was resistant to pepsin, but sensitive to trypsin. In another study, whey protein-safflower complex was prepared under different pH conditions. The emulsification, thermal stability and oxidation resistance of the complex were improved compared with whey protein alone [204]. A large number of studies have shown that the complexation of polyphenolic compounds with whey protein can not only improve the bioavailability of polyphenolic compounds, but also improve the functional properties of whey protein. Chen et al. [205] studied the effect of lotus heart proanthocyanidin (LSPC) on the stability of carotene whey protein nanoemulsion. The results proved that the addition of LSPC significantly improved the chemical stability of the nanoemulsion, and the use of whey protein enhanced the antioxidant activity of LSPC. Morais has reported on the interactions of whey protein with (−)-EGCG and caffeic acid (CA) at different pH values and the antioxidant capacities of the complexes [206]. The study showed that the complexation of the two polyphenols with whey protein altered the protein structure under both acidic and neutral conditions, and the effect of CA was more significant. The complexation of whey protein with CA had a synergistic effect on its reducing power and antioxidant capacity. In contrast, the complexation of whey protein with EGCG inhibited its reducing power and antioxidant capacity. As previously mentioned, whey protein complexation prevents CA and EGCG from being degraded during digestion, increasing the oral availability of the phenolic compounds. 3.5. Polymeric Nanoparticles Polymer nanoparticles are spherical or irregularly shaped colloidal particles formed by polymer materials [207]. They have high stability, uniform particle size, high drug loading rate, high biocompatibility, good drug release control and are easily produced in a factory. These advantages make them widely used for the encapsulation of natural extracts, including polyphenols [208–210]. Polymer systems are mainly divided into two categories: natural polymers (proteins and polysaccharides) and synthetic polymers. 3.5.1. PLA/PLGA Polylactic acid (PLA) and polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) (Figure 6) have been widely used in drug delivery systems, due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and particle size control [211,212].

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