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of polyphenols by cyclodextrin will affect their biological activity. It has been found that catechins and cyclodextrins interact through intermolecular O–H...O hydrogen bonds. The establishment of this host-guest relationship helps to improve the antioxidant capacity of polyphenols [240]. Similarly, when β-cyclodextrin is used to extract and protect phenolic compounds in olive oil, it does not affect tMhoeleicruliens2v02i0tr,o25,b4i6o1a3vailability [241]. In contrast, it was found that the oxygen radical absor1b6aonfc3e6 capacity-fluorescein (ORAC-FL) value of the (+) catechin-cyclodextrin complex was lower than that of free catechin, indicating that complexation reduced the antioxidant activity of polyphenols [242]. polyphenols [242]. This difference may be due to a variety of factors, such as the method, temperature, This difference may be due to a variety of factors, such as the method, temperature, and matrix used and matrix used in the complexation. Ho et al. found that catechin complexes were more stable in a in the complexation. Ho et al. found that catechin complexes were more stable in a solid matrix solid matrix compared to semi-solid or liquid matrixes. The food matrix will affect the stability and compared to semi-solid or liquid matrixes. The food matrix will affect the stability and recovery rate recovery rate of catechins from the inclusion compound [243]. of catechins from the inclusion compound [243]. Figure 7. Schematic representation of the size-controlled synthesis of γ-CD-MOFs through facile and Figure 7. Schematic representation of the size-controlled synthesis of γ-CD-MOFs through facile green seed-mediated method. Adapted from reference [244]. Copyright 2018 American Chemical and green seed-mediated method. Adapted from reference [244]. Copyright 2018 American SCohceimetyic.al Society. 3.5.4. Hydrogels A hydrogel is a three-dimensional, porous, shape-retaining, chemically or physically cross-linked highly water-soluble polymer [12]. The characteristics of hydrogels include mechanical resistance, swelling potential and moisture retention capacity [245,246]. When anti-inflammatory polyphenols are added to hydrogels that mimic the natural extracellular matrix and hydration environment, they form an ideal material for skin wound healing. Resveratrol-polypeptide-hydrogel nanoparticles are not cytotoxic and inhibit the macrophage release of pro-inflammatory factors to accelerate wound healing [247]. Animal experiments and molecular mechanism studies have shown that PVA/alginate hydrogel particles coated with tea polyphenols can promote wound healing in diabetic rats by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway [248]. Similarly, a newly developed hydrogel based on plant polyphenols, tannins and polypyrrole chains can stimulate tissue repair after bone marrow injury [249]. Of course, other biological activities, such as the antibacterial effects of polyphenols, are also fully compatible with hydrogel encapsulation. One study showed that PEG-lysozyme (LZM) polyphenolic hydrogels were more flexible than the original PEG-LZM, and the addition of polyphenols significantly improved the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of the hydrogels [250]. The edible film prepared from tea polyphenols and calcium alginate gel has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. The ductility, fracture strain, and air permeability of the film increases as the polyphenol content is increased [251]. Another study confirmed that injectable hydrogels based on curcumin, thiochitosan and polyethylene glycol diacrylate can promote the apoptosis of cancer cells and effectively delay tumor growth (Figure 8) [252].PDF Image | Nanoformulations to Enhance the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Polyphenols
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