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inflammatory properties of the hydrogels [250]. The edible film prepared from tea polyphenols and calcium alginate gel has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. The ductility, fracture strain, and air permeability of the film increases as the polyphenol content is increased [251]. Another study confirmed that injectable hydrogels based on curcumin, thiochitosan and polyethylene glycol diacrylate can promote the apoptosis of cancer cells and effectively delay tumor growth (Figure 8) Molecules 2020, 25, 4613 17 of 36 [252]. Fiigure 8.. ((A)) Sccheme offtthiiollaatteedcchiittossan//polly((etthyllene gllycoll)) diiacrryllatte ((TCS//PEGDA)) iinjjecttablle hydrrogeellfforrllocalliizediinttrrattumorraalldelliiveerryyoffanttii--cancceerrdrrugss.. (B) Curcumin release behaviior from TCS//PEGDAiinjjectablehydrogeliinPBSbufffferratt3377◦°Cwiitthsshaakiing((11000rrpm))..TP0iistthegellwiitth miicro porous sttarch butt wiitthout llysozyme; TP1, TP2 and TP3 are tthe gells wiitth miicro porous sttarch adsorbed0..46,0..60and0..75g//gllyssozyme,,rreesspecttiivelly..((C))HeepG2cceelllssviiabiilliittydetterrmiinedusiing MTTasasasyaywhwehneincuinbcautbedatwedithwfritehe cfurerceumcuirnc,uamndinc,uracnudmicnurlocaudmeidnTlCoSa/dPeEdGDTCASi/nPjeEcGtaDbAle hiyndjercotgaeblse with (TP3) or without (TP0) lysozyme, respectively. Adapted from reference [252]. Copyright 2017 hydrogels with (TP3) or without (TP0) lysozyme, respectively. Adapted from reference [252]. Elsevier B.V. Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V. 3.5.5. Dendrimers 3.5.5. Dendrimers A dendrimer is a monodisperse, three-dimensional, hyper-branched radial symmetric polymer A dendrimer is a monodisperse, three-dimensional, hyper-branched radial symmetric polymer with host-guest capabilities [253]. Its core structure is a cavity that can contains biologically active with host-guest capabilities [253]. Its core structure is a cavity that can contains biologically active components, and the branches can be modified or complexed with other compounds [254]. In addition, components, and the branches can be modified or complexed with other compounds [254]. In dendrimers can simply pass through biological barriers. Among the known dendrimers, PAMAM is addition, dendrimers can simply pass through biological barriers. Among the known dendrimers, the most widely used in drug delivery systems. Using silicon-PAMAM hybrid nanoparticles to load PAMAM is the most widely used in drug delivery systems. Using silicon-PAMAM hybrid procyanidins, proanthocyanidins were completely released after six days, and the cytotoxicity reached nanoparticles to load procyanidins, proanthocyanidins were completely released after six days, and at 87.9% after 134 h. Moreover, the mixed nanoparticles were found to have no toxicity towards normal cells [255]. Studies have shown that resveratrol, genistein and curcumin combine with PAMAM-G3 and PAMAM-G4 through hydrophilic, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds to form stable complexes. The larger the nanoparticles, the higher the loading and stability of polyphenols, increasing their bioavailability [256,257]. In addition to PAMAM, other dendrimers have also been used to protect and deliver polyphenols, thus improving their bioavailability and stability. Gallic acid (GA) was loaded into the fifth-generation polyester dendrimer, and the large surface area of the nanoparticles significantly improved GA retention time and biological efficacy. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity of encapsulated gallic acid was four times higher than that of free GA [258]. The binding of dendritic plant glycogen (PG) significantly increased the solubility, in vitro permeability (Caco-2 monolayer permeability) and anticancer effects (HeLa cells) of curcumin compared with natural curcumin [259]. 3.6. Micelles Polymer micelles composed of amphiphilic polymer molecules are a new type of polyphenol carrier. Their hydrophobic core can be used to encapsulate water-insoluble substances, and the hydrophilic corona that protects the core can escape removal by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), increase the circulation time, and avoid interaction with blood components [260–262]. The micelles have diameters of 20–100 nm, which enables their movement from the tumor blood vessel wall into cancer cells [263]. Micelles are often used to encapsulate doxorubicin and polyphenolic compounds toPDF Image | Nanoformulations to Enhance the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Polyphenols
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